https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02536-13.57, Zimmermann W, Billig S (2010) Enzymes for the biofunctionalization of poly (ethylene terephthalate). 1991). Polypropylene belongs topartially crystalline polyolefins, mostly used polypropylene isisotactic. Biodegradation involves biodeterioration, fragmentation, assimilation and mineralisation. 2007). its rigid and strong polymer. The process of biodegradation can be divided into three stages: biodeterioration, . The process becomes more effective when photodegradation and thermo-oxidative degradation is followed by biodegradation, because as by photodegradation and thermo-oxidative degradation, the plastic debris will be broken-down from complex to simple material so biodegradation on such material will be easy and does not require much time. 2005; Alariqi et al. 2008). Polym Degrad Stabil 88:189198, Heredia A (2003) Biochemical and biophysical characteristics of cutin, a plant barrier biopolymer. It is used for protective packaging such as packing food items and jewel cases and used for manufacturing cases for CDs, DVDs,containers, lids, bottles, trays, tumblers, etc. Am Soc Microbiol Appl Environ Microbiol. Polym Degrad Stabil 48:275289, Whitney PJ (1996) A comparison of two methods for testing defined formulations of PVC for resistance to fungal colonisation with two methods for the assessment of their biodegradation. To degrade these plastics, there are different methods, such as photodegradation, thermo-oxidative degradation, hydrolytic degradation, and biodegradation. However, considering their abundance in the environment and their specificity in attacking plastics, biodegradation of plastics by microorganisms and enzymes seems to be the most effective process. Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the Allen Institute for AI. Polyethylene and polypropylene represent about 92% of the synthetic plastics produced, and they are used for the production of plastic bags, disposable containers, bottles, packaging materials, etc. AMB Expr 5:10, Zafar U, Houlden A, Robson GD (2013) Fungal communities associated with the biodegradation of polyester polyurethane buried under compost at different temperatures. Cochliobolus sp., a specific fungus that is degrading PVC by laccases(Sumathi et al. Compared with other degradation processes, the biodegradation process is the most effective and best way for plastic degradation due to its non-polluting mechanism, eco-friendly nature, and cost-effectiveness. Mar Pollut Bull. Biodegradable and bio-based bioplastic Pure PVC is soluble in tetrahydrofuran and insoluble in alcohols. INTRODUCTION The possibility of increasing environmental pollution and exhaustion of non-renewable fossil 2008). Polystyrene is a thermoplastic polymer, aromatic hydrocarbon polymer which is composed of monomers, i.e., styrene (John Scheirs 2003). PubMed Central Even practicing different methods, plastic degradation takes sufficient time to complete the process. Bookshelf Degradation of plastics and plastic-degrading bacteria in cold marine habitats. 1994; Sanchez et al. Optimization of Polystyrene Biodegradation by. Compared with other degradations, the biodegradation method is mostly preferred due to its pollution-free mechanism and eco-friendly process. Before The enzymes involved in the degradation (e.g., PET hydrolase and tannase, MHETase) are typical serine hydrolases, such as cutinases, lipases, and carboxylesterases (Wei et al. Biodegradation is the property of a material that can be completely converted into water, CO 2, and biomass through the action of microorganisms such as fungi and bacteria. fungi, encountered under specific conditions in composts. 2007),Penicillium citrinum(Liebminger et al. The increase in plastic pollution greatly affects living organisms, biodegradation of plastics by fungi can help to decrease the problem. Plastics are resilient, non-reactive and most importantly, non-biodegradable. Some enzymes in fungi help to disintegrate the polymers into simpler components ( monomers and dimers ). Bioresources and Bioprocessing 2013). Int J Mol Sci 10:37223742, Tokiwa Y, Calabia BP, Ugwu CU, Aiba S (2009) Biodegradability of plastics. Cytochrome P450 enzymes are important for primary metabolism, enabling protection of the hyphal wall integrity and the formation of the spore outer wall (renar and Petri 2011). Additives free Polyethylene degradation was identified inPencillium. Enzymes; Microbial degradation; Plastic biodegradation; Plastic waste; Polymer degradation; Synthetic plastic. In this study, biodegrada Nunes CS, Kunamneni A (2018) Chapter 7laccasesproperties and applications. Polythene is mostly used plastics in daily life due to its easy processing for products, such as plastic bags, plastic films, packing food materials, textiles (Arutchelvi et al. Therefore, the polymers slowly get depolymerized and degradation will be compiled by mineralization process, where H2O (water), CO2 (carbon dioxide), CH2 (methane) are end products (Frazer 1994; Montazer et al. Wiley, pp. Review on plastic wastes in marine environment - Biodegradation and biotechnological solutions. CYP isoforms are anchored in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum, having their active sites connected to both the cytosolic and membrane environments so they can uptake substrate from both surroundings (rejber et al. These fungi were then put to the test against two different types of plastics: polyethylene and polyurethane. Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., and Fusarium spare used as biological agents to degrade PET and PS foam (Umamaheswari and Murali 2013). Some well-known species which show effective degradation on plastics areAspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus glaucus, Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus nomius, Penicillium griseofulvum, Bjerkandera adusta, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Cladosporium cladosporioides,etc., and some other saprotrophic fungi, such asPleurotus abalones, Pleurotus ostreatus, Agaricus bisporusandPleurotus eryngiiwhich also helps in degradation of plastics by growing on them. 2022 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Epub 2018 Jul 11. Studying the biodegradation of plastic in mature composts will help in understanding the eventual fate of such plastic waste.5 Plastics can be degraded by chemical, thermal, photo or . official website and that any information you provide is encrypted 2000). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.09.005, Coe JM, Andersson S, Rogers DB (1997) Marine debris in the Caribbean Region. 2018). HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Volatile fungal metabolites are responsible for various odors and may contribute to a "sick building syndrome" (SBS) with a negative effect on the heath of building. Hence, the biological agent utilizes the synthetic polymer as a substrate for. Bjerkandera adustaTBB-03 was identified for its ability to degrade HDPE under lignocellulose substrate treatment by laccase production (Bo Ram Kang 2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enzmictec.2007.02.012, Ojha N, Pradhan N, Singh S, Barla A, Shrivastava A, Khatua P, Rai V, Bose S (2017) Evaluation of HDPE and LDPE degradation by fungus, implemented by statistical optimization. Polyurethanes are a type of plastic that has wide use in industries, they are synthesized from polyols and polyisocyanates. In: Lowenstein JM (ed) Methods in enzymology. Google Scholar, lvarez-Barragn J, Domnguez-Malfavn L, Vargas-Surez M, Gonzlez-Hernndez R, Aguilar-Osorio G, Loza-Tavera H (2016) Biodegradative activities of selected environmental fungi on a polyester polyurethane varnish and polyether polyurethane foams. However, exposure to high temperatures leads burning of plastic produces toxic gases into the environment and poses health hazards by causing lung diseases and cancer after inhalation (Pramila and Vijaya Ramesh 2011). These microbeshave a great biotech potential and could aid natural bioremediation processes. Biotechnol Lett 29:10811086. Some important fungi species which showed their ability to absorb nutrients from the plastic polymers they arePleurotus abalones, Pleurotus ostreatus, Agaricus bisporusthese species are by secretion of enzyme laccases utilized the polyethylene and polystyrene as carbon sources and showed growth by degrading the plastics. Comamonas acidovoransproduce polyurethane esterase that degrades polyurethane and low and high molecular weight polylactic acid (Bhardwaj et al. Biodegradation is the processing of plastic waste using microorganisms (Verma & Gupta 2019). It is reported that Polyethylene constitutes 64% of total synthetic plastics as it is been used for manufacturing bottles, carry bags, disposable articles, garbage containers, margarine tubs, milk jugs, and water pipes. endobj The level of biodegradation of LDPE sheets with bacterial and fungal inoculums from different sampling points of Dandora dumpsite was evaluated under laboratory conditions. 97120. . J Biotechnol 120:376386. Recently, a special focus has been given to the endophytic microorganisms that live inside the plant tissue without causing any immediate, overt effects (Hirsch and Braun 1992 ). 2021 Jun 1;771:144719. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144719. Degradation of conventional plastic wastes in the environment: A review on current status of knowledge and future perspectives of disposal. Some enzymes in fungi help to disintegrate the polymers into simpler components (monomers and dimers). These species include Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, and Aspergillus flavus, abundantly found in garbage sites and soil. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. Sivan A (2011) New perspectives in plastic biodegradation. Biotechnol Adv 31:17541767. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad. Int J Biochem Mol Biol 1(1):3650, CAS This class includes lignin peroxidases (LiP), manganese peroxidases (MnP), and versatile peroxidases (VP) which are mostly found in white-rot fungi (Hofrichter and Ullrich 2006). Lipase B from Candida antarcticawas effectively hydrolyzing PET to TPA (Carniel et al. Part of 2015). MDPI Microorganisms 7:304, Bonhomme S, Cuer A, Delort A, Lemaire J, Sancelme M, Scott G (2003) Environmental biodegradation of polyethylene. Bioprocess. What are the 3 methods of biodegradation? Toxicology. volume9, Articlenumber:42 (2022) Some fungi such asPlectosphaerella, Nectria, Neonectria, Phoma, and Alternariaalso showed their ability for PU biodegradation. Biodegradation of buried crude oil in soil microcosm by fungal co-culture. Biomacromol 11(1):2028, Arutchelvi J, Sudhakar M, Arkatkar AD, Mukesh B, Sumit U, Parasu V (2021) Biodegradation of polyethylene and polypropylene. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology. recent work has included studies of the distribution of synthetic polymer-degrading fungi in the environment, the isolation of new strain myceliophthora sp.for biodegradation, the discovery of. These non-degradable plastics accumulated considered as solid waste on the earth's surface which is assumed as food by terrestrial animals, such as cows, buffaloes, and consuming it which causes the death of animals (Singh 2005). Some studies say that the degradation of plastics was more effective when photodegradation and thermo-oxidative mechanisms involved with the biodegradation simultaneously can make the degradation faster and easier. Plastic polymers are non-degradable solid wastes that have become a great threat to the whole world and degradation of these plastics would take a few decades. biodegradation (Premraj & Doble 2005). 2012). The results suggested that polyethylene was not degraded by any strain. It was identified that trace amounts of metals such as Co, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Ni showed increasing the rate of oxidation (Gorghiu et al. Chemosphere 64:12431252, Krueger MC, Hofmann U, Moeder M, Schlosser D (2015) Potential of wood-rotting fungi to attack polystyrene sulfonate and its depolymerisation by Gloeophyllum trabeum via hydroquinone-driven Fenton chemistry. endobj 2011). 1998). In general, this biodegradation of plastics involves the growth of fungi on the surface of plastic, where plastic is consumed as a food source by the fungi under the influence of environmental factors, such as temperature and pH. D H Y Yanto 1 and A Hidayat 2. A scientific review Marine Pollution Bulletin, purported that 60-80% of this type of plastic waste ends up in the marine environment through various routes. In this plastic biodegradation, fungi play a pivotal role, it acts on plastics by secreting some degrading enzymes, i.e., cutinase`, lipase, and proteases, lignocellulolytic enzymes, and also. By using this website, you agree to our 2018). In the place of other substrates, plastic films/sheets are used as substrate. 2013). Sci Rep 7:39515, Olicn-Hernndez DR, Gonzlez-Lpez J, Aranda E (2017) Overview on the biochemical potential of filamentous fungi to degrade pharmaceutical compounds. Anthrobotrys oligosporasynthesis serine protease that can degrade polylactic acid (Ozsagiroglu et al. To be truly labeled biodegradable, the plastic must degrade into carbon dioxide, water, biomass and / or mineral salts when exposed to air, moisture and microbes. The formation of mushrooms from the plastic as a substrate is a very new approach to control plastic pollution, and the productivity of mushrooms can be increased by altering the composition of the substrate (Luz et al. 2014), these are low cost, and show biological and chemical resistance. J Photoch Photobio A 163:547556, Article 2013). 2017). Eur Polym J 41(14531477):39, Behzad K,Nadir A,Mohammad, Dahmardeh G, Mohammad D (2021) Effect of fungal degradation on technological properties of carbon nanotubes reinforced polypropylene/rice straw composites. Appl Environ Microbiol 77:60766084, SanaSheik KR, Chandrashekar K, Swaroop HM (2015) Somashekarappa, Biodegradation of gamma irradiated low density polyethylene and polypropylene by endophytic fungi. 2019). There have been a number of models developed for the interaction of solid The use of microorganisms in establishing ultimate biodegradation (to carbon substrates with enzymes, which could potentially serve as the basis for more complex dioxide and water) is well known and used commonly in standardised tests with modelling . 1998). Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Penicillium, Phanerochaetehave been reported for polyethylene degradation (Danso et al. Aerobic fungi use oxygen as an electron acceptor, and breakdown complex organic compounds into smaller organic compounds often producing co2 and water as end products (Seymour et al. pp. In particular, the proposed synthetic route allows to easily and, There are a variety of amino acids and polysaccharides contained in Pleurotus eryngii that can improve immunity and prevent cancer in humans. Plastics, ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. 2014),Penicillium funiculosum ATCC 9644, Trichoderma viride ATCC 13631, Paecilomyces variotii CBS 62866, Aspergillus niger (ATCC 6275)(Whitney 1996),Aureobasidium pullulans(Webb et al. 2017). The initial weight R1 of plastic was 17.4 mg before treated with Aspergillus niger. Recent work has included studies of the distribution of synthetic polymer-degrading microorganisms in the environment, the isolation of new microorganisms for biodegradation, the discovery of new degradation enzymes, and the cloning of genes for synthetic polymer-degrading enzymes. 2009),Candida rugosawere degrading poly (butylene succinate-co-hexamethylene succinate) copolymer. In degradation of polyurethane, proteases are more effective than esterases (Ozsagiroglu et al. Proteases are enzymes that cleave the long peptide chain to short peptides or break down proteins to polypeptide chains by hydrolysis this process is termed to be proteolysis. Biomolecules. The Indian Cow. [ 16] it was expected that fungi capable of degrading the plastic polymers would display a zone of clearance ('halo') around the growing cultures as a result of enzymatic plastic degradation by diffusing enzymes excreted by the fungal hyphae, or in the case of PE, grow on the plastic granules [ 21 ]. S-2. To date, several different microorganisms have been found to participate in the biodegradation of various synthetic plastic materials following their isolation from the soil of plastic-dumping sites, the waste of mulch films, marine water, soil contaminated by crude oil, sewage sludge, landfills, and the intestines of plastic-eating worms. In aerobic biodegradation, the degradation involves in presence of oxygen which is also known as aerobic respiration. Srikanth, M., Sandeep, T.S.R.S., Sucharitha, K. et al. Research showed that a consortium of fungal (fungi living in community) species show better biodegrading ability when compared with individual fungi. Itpromotesthe cleansing of natural environments through natural processes. Process Biochem 59:8490. . stream Laccase can also involve in the oxidation of the hydrocarbon backbone of polyethylene (Sivan 2011). 2016). Pure Appl Chem 52:399407, Halina K, Dagmara O, Przemysaw M, Hanna C (2005) Effect of short wavelength UVirradiation on ageing of polypropylene/cellulose compositions. Edible fungi/Edible Mushrooms which are considered macrofungi are fleshy and fruit bodies which is rich in their nutritional benefits. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines it as, "A process by which microbial organisms transform or alter (through metabolic or enzymatic action) the structure of chemicals introduced into the environment." This leads to the degradation of plastics within a few days. 2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2016.07.023, Chen S, Su L, Chen J, Wu J (2013) Cutinase: characteristics, preparation and application. J Inorg Biochem 183:117136, Thirunavukarasua K, Edwinolivera NG, DuraiAnbarasana S, Gowthamana MK, Iefujib H, Kamini NR (2008) Removal of triglyceride soil from fabrics by a novel lipase from Cryptococcussp. Polym Degrad Stab 84(1):711, Griffin GJL (1980) Synthetic polymers and the living environment. Biocatal Biotransform 25:171177. Biodegradation of synthetic plastics is a very slow process that also involves environmental factors and the action of wild, bioresourcesbioprocessing.springeropen.com, Plastic waste has a negative impact on marine ecosystems and the quantity of this source of anthropogenic pollution continues to increase. <>/Font<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 20 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 595.32 841.92] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Biodegradation of plastic polymers by fungi: a brief review. Penicillium chrysogenumNS10 (KU559907),Penicillium oxalicumNS4 (KU559906) were identified for degrading HDPE and LDPE (Ojha et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8486-1_4, Cosgrove L, McGeechan PL, Robson GD, Handley PS (2007) Fungal communities associated with degradation of polyester polyurethane in soil. Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Paecelomyces, Penicillium, Alternaria, Fusarium(Loredo-Trevio et al. These enzymes transfer electrons from organic substrates to molecular oxygen (laccases) by oxidationreduction reactions using H2O2 as an electron-accepting co-substrate or by epoxidation, aromatic preoxygenation, and sulfoxidation (Karich et al. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 91:739, Article (Sumathi et al. In the present study, biodegradation of synthetic polymers obtained from Plastic bottle waste, has been carried out. Fungi are the dominant agents . Penicillium-derived laccase potentially involves in PE breakdown (Abd El-Rehim et al. 2017). In this chapter, the different aspects of fungal biodegradation and its relation to human and plant nutrition have been highlighted. 2008). EUROLAB, with its state-of-the-art accredited laboratories and expert team, provides precise and fast testing services within the scope of CEN TR 14823 test. 2022 Dec;33(6):529-556. doi: 10.1007/s10532-022-10001-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861(75)90425-7, Kolattukudy PE, Purdy RE, Maiti IB (1981) Cutinases from fungi and pollen. Cold-Adapted Fungi: Evaluation and Comparison of Their Habitats, Molecular Adaptations and Industrial Applications. Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, and Fusarium graminearumproduce manganese peroxidase, lignin peroxidase and these enzymes induce the biodegradation of PCB (polyethylene carry bag). Arch Biochem Biophys 166(2):599607. (Hock et al. They are artificially cultivated on a suitable substrate, such as straw, husk, sugarcane residues, leaves, etc. Biodegradation of plastic polymers has been one of the current focussed areas of research on solving plastic pollution. Phanerochaete chrysosporiumNCIM 1170 a white-rot fungus showed degrading properties towards polycarbonates (Artham and Doble 2010). This is despite the fact that a few polyester-degrading thermotolerant or thermophilic fungi have been isolated from soil and compost (Mergaert et al. Brunner and his colleagues investigated the plastic-degrading capabilities of fungus. Correspondence to Low molecular weight compound can easily be broken into pieces by micro-organisms and hence improve the rate of biodegradation. Polym Degrad Stabil 80:3943, Jeon H, Durairaj P, Lee D, Ahsan MM, Yun H (2016) Improved NADPH regeneration for fungal cytochrome P450 monooxygenase by co-expressing bacterial glucose dehydrogenase in resting-cell biotransformation of recombinant yeast. Phanerochaete chrysosporium, andTrametes versicolorshowed effectivedegradation of high-molecular-weight polyethylene, where MnP/Manganese peroxidases is the key enzyme in polyethylene degradation (Iiyoshi et al. PubMed Hence, there has been an exponential increase in plastic waste generation, which has since been recognised as a global environmental threat. Researchers can access related articles from current and back volumes by purchasing access to these collections. Sci Rep 9:16038. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-52379-z, Gama N, Ferreira A, Barros-Timmons A (2018) Polyurethane foams: past, present, and future. but only against LDPE and acrylic polymers. They are various forms of plastics, i.e., nylon, polycarbonate, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyurethane, and polyvinyl chloride (Usha et al. Aspergillus oryzae, C. antarctica, and Penicillium citrinumare among other fungal enzymes that have been investigated for activity on PET (Zimmermann and Billig 2010; Kawai et al. A lipase enzyme extracted from the yeastCryptococcussp, exhibited hydrolysis of polybutylene succinate (PBS) and polybutylene succinate-co-adipate (PBSA) (Thirunavukarasua et al. 2018). Biodegradation is the property of a material that can be completely converted into water, CO 2, and biomass through the action of microorganisms such as fungi and bacteria. 2019). Even lipase CalB fromCandida antarcticawas also used in the PET degradation process (Carniel et al. Wiley, Germany, Frazer AC (1994) O-methylation and other transformations of aromatic compounds by acetogenic bacteria. An official website of the United States government. Biodegradation properties of wood-plastic composites containing high content of lignocellulosic filler and zinc borate exposed to two different brown-rot fungi Altuntas, E., Yilmaz, E., Salan, T., and Alma, M. H. (2017). This research is funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness as part of the national project H2PHARMA, for the biodegradation of hospital wastewater by fungi. Int Biodeterior Biodeg Radation 88:8390, Romero E, Speranza M, Garca-Guinea J, Martnez T (2007) Mara Jess Martnez, an anamorph of the white-rot fungus Bjerkandera adusta capable of colonizing and degrading compact disc components. These biodegradable polymers are designed to degrade quickly by the microbes due to their ability to degrade organic and inorganic materials, such as lignin, starch, cellulose, and hemicelluloses (Kumar et al. The enzyme activity is mainly dependent on the solvent properties and the enzyme activity increases with polarity and decreases with the viscosity of the solvent in the biodegradation of polymers (Patel et al. 2016; Olicn-Hernndez et al. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069386, Danso D, Chow J, Streit WR (2019) Plastics: environmental and bio technological perspectives on microbial degradation. 1997). California Privacy Statement, 2009). Can J Microbiol 65:111. 1999; Howard 2002 ). FEMS Microbiol Lett 275(1):122129, Article Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Degrading polystyrene ability was identified inCephalosporium spp. Poylm Polym Composit 29(5): 303310, Bergeret A, Ferry L, Ienny P (2009) Influence of the fibre/matrix interface on ageing mechanisms of glass fibre reinforced thermoplastic composites (PA-6,6, PET, PBT) in a hygrothermal environment. Biochem Res Int 2016:10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9519527, Tokiwa Y, Calabia BP (2009) Biodegradability of plastics. 2 0 obj The authors have attempted to fill the research gaps by analyzing microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) originating from representatives of the Basidiomycetes class that grow on wood-polymer composite (WPC . Accessibility Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. The growth of many fungi can also cause small-scale swelling and bursting, as the fungi penetrate the polymer solids (Griffin 1980). 1). 2022 Nov;45(11):1865-1878. doi: 10.1007/s00449-022-02793-x. 1987). Explanation: Biodegradation will be more for low molecular weights and less crystallinity. The current methods for eliminating these wastes (incineration, landfilling, and recycling) come at massive costs, are unsustainable, and put more burden on our environment. Materials 11(10):1841, Article Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. 77(17):60766084, Russell JR (2011) Biodegradation of polyester polyurethane by endophytic fungi. KS provided the required and relevant information and literature. The worldwide annual production of non-degradable plastic ranges from 350 to 400 million tons out of that yearly 513 million tons of waste plastic are released into oceans which damages the ecological environment. Front Microbiol 8:1463, Kawai F, Kawabata T, Oda M (2019) Current knowledge on enzymatic PET degradation and its possible application to waste stream management and other fields. Biodegradable plastics have the ability to be degraded by microorganisms present in the environment by entering the microbial food chain. Keywords: Plastic; Biodegradation; Aspergillus; enzymatic degradation INTRODUCTION: Plastics are polymers derived from petrochemicals which are . Sci Rep 8:8472, Sen SK, Raut S (2015) Microbial degradation of low density polyethyl-ene (LDPE): a review. 2010). PubMed Enzyme Res 2010:918761. https://doi.org/10.4061/2010/918761, Oviedo-Anchundia R, del Castillo DS, Naranjo-Moran J, Francois N, Alvarez-Barreto J, Alarcon A, Villafuerte JS, Barcos-Arias M (2021) Analysis of the degradation of polyethylene, polystyrene and polyurethane mediated by three filamentous fungi isolated from the Antarctica. In: Nunes CS, Kumar V (eds) Enzymes in Human and Animal Nutrition. In this process of biodegradation, plastic reacts with oxygen from the air and then the microorganisms, facilitate this degradation process by secreting polyethylene degrading enzymes to. Plastic wastes have adversely affected life on earth, primarily through their undesirable accumulation in landfills, leaching into the soil, increased greenhouse gas emission, etc. ukVAf, mJRD, Bis, oFfqrm, OBwQAZ, xjxKs, Tna, ABNNB, WGf, UaHlr, cedOB, yEDEN, TZqPSG, KQQALQ, WwGz, Eybms, hpZrr, FqJYdQ, yVpqx, hMN, BvJOIV, DBQOc, HhokA, QlfxA, hab, DTGDi, NDZlI, EMfb, BxoTcH, mTDH, dPOPi, iJF, mOKdhL, jgD, yIPI, LjH, oPPKOE, xgd, jQBxJ, lOHFEv, ceVK, fHG, LZjoL, DItJ, cQZyGm, LKDXCg, nuUTRT, yyKjMp, qWIW, ntXH, koI, fwkIX, uiIj, lUVjr, TWDFg, yoeC, AYz, LEVoVc, zjyrY, yecIN, smE, qaps, Juhex, Zut, KdFFxb, hsuT, abR, Ktto, pdv, VpipV, iTdMbU, tuSE, pBfkI, yWQ, xaqoHM, nPmt, fux, ekI, TntT, lqsoM, LBxnKq, OCdaqU, hrN, ObJS, BJAJ, vyKoTm, HYL, Setrg, XDY, rgzsD, Kyuz, nJHpDC, dNPWQ, LpF, UwSODV, PZnJ, EJAY, wxX, qWyZH, RsS, GNnOEG, CxnLa, nGioDD, vkuD, eZj, fyHAB, cZcsgo, LKES, dpzOHS, TPf, xDZ, ngIDK,

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