Hooker, E. (1957). Furthermore, the lesbian social mother has as much authority as does the father in heterosexual families. Copyright 2002 by the American Psychological Association. The Socrates (aka conium.org) and Berkeley Scholars web hosting services have been retired as of January 5th, 2018. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 6, 26-32. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 53-61. , American Anthropological Association (2004) and 47 heterosexual (aged 24-63 yrs.) Psychological sequelae of hate crime victimization among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults. Sbordone, A. J. Two cases of children of homosexuals. (1995a). The paper focuses on (a) methodological problems in research on homosexuality; (b) studies comparing adjustment levels of male homosexuals and male heterosexuals, effeminate and noneffeminate male homosexuals, and female homosexuals and female heterosexuals; (c) the relationship between degree of homosexuality and adjustment; (d) homosexual subculture; and (e) the relationship between homosexuality and psychopathology. Based on a multidimensional model of couple satisfaction for heterosexual couples in their transition to parenthood, developed by the Becoming a Family Project at University of California-Berkeley (Cowan, C. P., Cowan, P. A., Heming, Garrett, Coysh, Curtis-Boles, & Boles, 1985), intrapsychic variables (self-esteem, needs for autonomy, affiliation, and nurturance), dyadic variables (role arrangement, coming out, communication, sex, and commitment), and extradyadic variables (social/familial support, use of a known or unknown donor, adoption by the nonbiological parent, and child-related issues) were analyzed for individual and couple data. Selected results can be seen in the chart below. Thousand Oaks: Sage. At the time, the prevailing medical opinion was that the addiction process occurred in the stomach, and thus it was hypothesized that patients would not become addicted to morphine if it was injected into them via a hypodermic needle, and it was further hypothesized that this might potentially be able to cure opium addiction. Bratman, G.N., et al., Science Advances, 2019, Ecotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice From this particular state of thinking, cognitive psychologists need to find ways to change the thought process of the addicted person. When people are disconnected from nature, they arent motivated to work on wicked problems like climate change. As an object of anxiety, Lacan maintained that The Real is "the essential object which isn't an object any longer, but this something faced with which all words cease and all categories fail, the object of anxiety par excellence". Ciano-Boyce, C., & Shelley-Sireci, L. (2002). You can boost your mood just by walking in nature, even in urban nature. Telephone: (734) 761-7400; Web page. There was some indication in interviews with children themselves that the offspring of lesbian mothers had less sex-typed preferences for activities at school and in their neighborhoods than did children of heterosexual mothers. [1], Trauma is not the same as mental distress or suffering, both of which are universal human experiences. Differences in subjects' ratings indicated that a boy raised by gay fathers was perceived to be experiencing greater confusion regarding his sexual orientation and gender identity. Psychological adjustment of nonpatient homosexuals: Critical review of the research literature. ), Contemporary perspectives on lesbian and gay psychology: Theory, research and application (pp. For example, Hickey's Trauma-Control Model suggests that "childhood trauma for serial murderers may serve as a triggering mechanism resulting in an individual's inability to cope with the stress of certain events. Its critical for those in treatment, especially those treated at an inpatient facility or prison, to learn how to recognize, avoid, and cope with triggers they are likely to be exposed to after treatment. 2300 Market Street On the other hand, self-concept did not vary as a function of family type in another study (Patterson, 1994a), though the failure to find differences in this case may have been due to lack of statistical power, as the number of single-parent families in this sample was small. (1975). Because addiction is a chronic disease, people cant simply stop using drugs for a few days and be cured. . Parenting by gay fathers. Psychologists tend to use an integration of all these approaches to produce reliable and effective treatment. Existing data also suggest the value of a supportive milieu, in which parental sexual orientation is accepted by other significant adults and in which children have contact with peers in similar circumstances. )[34] Risk increases with exposure and with the absence of help seeking protective factors and pre-preparation of preventive strategies. The author's own Bay Area Families Study, which examined the familial and individual adjustment of 4- to 9-year-old children born to versus adopted by lesbian mothers, is described. 125-127). Improved means of active biological agent manufacture and the introduction of synthetic compounds, such as fentanyl and methamphetamine, are also factors contributing to drug addiction. 220, No. (1984). Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). [9], Withdrawal is the body's reaction to abstaining from a substance upon which a person has developed a dependence syndrome. This article reviews the existing literature on gay parenting using two theoretical frameworks: developmental and ecological. As a result, findings in this field are adapted for various applications, from individual psychiatric treatments to sociological large-scale trauma management. A., Jacobsen, R. B., & Bigner, J. J. Man and woman, boy and girl: The differentiation and dimorphism of gender identity from conception to maturity. Lesbian parenthood: A review of the literature. Journal of Homosexuality, 13, 201-211. For each of these seven strategies there are a range of interventions in low and high resource settings with varying degree of evidence of effectiveness. In 1975, the American Psychological Association took the same position and urged all mental health professionals to help dispel the stigma of mental illness that had long been associated with homosexual orientation (American Psychological Association, 1975). (PsycINFO Database Record. Outpatient behavioral treatmentincludes a wide variety of programs for patients who visit a behavioral health counselor on a regular schedule. American Psychologist, 30, 620-651. The 2022 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Aortic Disease provides guidance for clinicians on the diagnosis, genetic evaluation and family screening, medical therapy, endovascular and surgical treatment, and long-term surveillance of patients with aortic disease. violence in the workplace, reviewing violent video tapes. Journal of Family Psychology, 15, 355-370. 162-165). In the United States, drug policy is primarily controlled by the federal government. (1998). The United States' approach to substance abuse has shifted over the last decade, and is continuing to change. Donor insemination: Child development and family functioning in lesbian mother families. Lesbian parenting: Living with pride and prejudice. Dieting and starvation. In J. C. Gonsiorek and J. D. Weinrich (Eds. (2005). (1985). Another significant difference was that young adult offspring of divorced lesbian mothers described themselves as communicating more openly with their mothers and with their mothers' current partners than did adult children of divorced heterosexual parents (Tasker & Golombok, 1997). Copyright 2002 by the American Psychological Association. It also appears that -opioid receptors, which enkephalin acts upon, is influential in the reward system and can regulate the expression of stress hormones. Rees, R. L. (1979). No abstract available. Supporting countries and partners to implement the global plan of action on violence and monitoring progress including through documentation of lessons learned. Its forms are as varied as are those of heterosexuality. ), McLeod, A. C., Crawford, I., & Zechmeister, J. Copyright 1994. Twenty-eight gay male parenting couples and 27 heterosexual parenting couples from across the United States participated in a study comparing gay parenting couples and heterosexual parenting couples. Also, they did not differ on most measures of emotions, behavior, and relationships, although there was some indication of more frequent psychiatric problems in the single-parent group. Nationwide, there appears to have been little political or legal resolution regarding the desirability of expansive notions of family. Armesto, J. C. (2002). (PsycINFO Database Record. Crawford, I., McLeod, A., Zamboni, B. D., & Jordan, M. B. Citations may include links to full text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites. ), The role of the father in child development (4th ed.). They hypothesized that the presence of various types of coping skills would moderate this relationship between perceived stigma and self-esteem. New York: Links Books. American Psychologist, 48, 782. Differences between heterosexual non-parent couples and gay, lesbian, and heterosexual parent couples. Last year, Julene Johnson, PhD, a University of California, San Francisco researcher on aging, examined how joining a choir might combat feelings of loneliness among older adults (The Journals of Gerontology: Series B , online 2018). Patterson, C. J., Hurt, S., & Mason, C. D. (1998). More comfortable online than out partying, post-Millennials are safer, physically, than adolescents have ever been. (1975). The author offers a conceptual framework for understanding this excess in prevalence of disorder in terms of minority stress-explaining that stigma, prejudice, and discrimination create a hostile and stressful social environment that causes mental health problems. Drug treatment programs in Europe often report more favorable outcomes than those in the US because the criteria for measuring success are functional rather than abstinence-based. Available evidence reveals that gay men are no more likely than heterosexual men to perpetrate child sexual abuse (Groth & Birnbaum, 1978; Jenny et al., 1994; Sarafino, 1979). New York: Basic Books. She presents interviewees' stories of coming out and of their subsequent relations with straight families. [42] Modern agricultural practices, improvements in access to drugs, advancements in biochemistry, and dramatic increases in the recommendation of drug usage by clinical practitioners have exacerbated the problem significantly in the 20th century. "Regardless of whether loneliness is increasing or remaining stable, we have lots of evidence that a significant portion of the population is affected by it," says Holt-Lunstad. Telephone: (202) 467-8180 Issues for further exploration are identified. (Reprinted with permission of ERIC Copyright 1980. (PsycINFO Database Record. Money, myths, and change: The economic lives of lesbians and gay men. Copyright 2002 by the American Psychological Association. [88] One study of a Canadian secondary school classroom, as told through journal entries of a student teacher, showed how Blaustein and Kinniburgh's ARC (attachment, regulation and competency) framework[89] was used to support newly arrived refugee students from war zones. In C. J. Patterson & A. R. D'Augelli (Eds. ), Amato, P. R. (2001). Martin, D., & Lyon, P. (1972). Suite 400 Results of research to date suggest that children of lesbian and gay parents have positive relationships with peers and that their relationships with adults of both sexes are also satisfactory. Using a psychodynamic approach is one of the techniques that psychologists use to solve addiction problems. ), Bigner, J. J., & Bozett, F. W. (1990). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole. Barrett, H., & Tasker, F. (2001). . Gay fathers: A review of the literature. Journal of Lesbian Studies, 2, 49-68. It was noteworthy that most of the children in the sample included the father in their drawings, suggesting that the father is a very important figure in these children's lives regardless of mother's sexual orientation. All rights reserved. Detoxification is not in itself "treatment," but only the first step in the process. Bozett, F. W. (1989). Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 29, 402-406. Gender and family patterns of lesbian coparents. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole. All rights reserved. Martin, D., & Lyon, P. (1972). Three concerns have historically been associated with judicial decision making in custody litigation and public policies governing foster care and adoption: the belief that lesbians and gay men are mentally ill, that lesbians are less maternal than heterosexual women, and that lesbians' and gay men's relationships with sexual partners leave little time for ongoing parent-child interactions (ACLU Lesbian and Gay Rights Project, 2002; Falk, 1989, 1994; Patterson et al., 2002; Patterson & Redding, 1996). Gender and Society, 10, 747-767. All rights reserved.). Copyright 2002 by the American Psychological Association. An American Family. Findings are explained in terms of three factors unique to the experience and social setting of gay parenting couples. Human Reproduction, 10, 2216-2224. Copyright 2002 by the American Psychological Association. Because grandparents are generally seen as supportive of their grandchildren, any strains in parents' relationships with grandparents might have adverse effects on the frequency of children's contacts with grandparents, and hence also have a negative impact on grandchildren's development. The possibility emerges that homosexuality and homosexual pedophilia may be mutually exclusive and that the adult heterosexual male constitutes a greater risk to the underage child than does the adult homosexual male. [70][71] A 2010 Cochrane review found that trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy was effective for individuals with acute traumatic stress symptoms when compared to waiting list and supportive counseling. Copyright 2002 by the American Psychological Association. Loneliness is an experience that has been around since the beginning of timeand we all deal with it, according to Ami Rokach, PhD, an instructor at York University in Canada and a clinical psychologist. (Ed.). Results are also presented for lesbians and bisexual women of each ethnic/racial and age group. ), Weston, K. (1991). Prevalence of disturbance was not found to be a function of the mother's sexual choice. Holt-Lunstad, J. Cultural heterosexism and the family. American Psychological Association. The American Bar Association adopted the following position statement in August 1995: BE IT RESOLVED, That the American Bar Association supports the enactment of legislation and implementation of public policy providing that child custody and visitation shall not be denied or restricted on the basis of sexual orientation. Major findings were that children of both lesbians and heterosexuals fell within the normal range of the separation-individuation process. All rights reserved. Meta-analysis involved 92 studies that compared children living in divorced single-parent families with children living in continuously intact families on measures of well-being. They reported that offspring of lesbian mothers were no more likely than those of heterosexual mothers to describe themselves as feeling attracted to same-sex sexual partners. Explored how 18 lesbian adoptive parents, 49 lesbian parents who formed their families biologically, and 44 heterosexual adoptive parents experience and perceive their parenting role, how they respond when their children seek them or their partner for particular nurturing, and how the parents negotiate the cultural expectation of a primary caregiver. No abstract available. Copyright 2002 by the American Psychological Association. All rights reserved.). Educational and Child Psychology, 18, 62-77. All rights reserved. To achieve lasting change, it is important to enact and enforce legislation and develop and implement policies that promote gender equality; allocate resources to prevention and response; and invest in womens rights organizations. [1][2] An addictive drug is a drug which is both rewarding and reinforcing. Colage: Children of Lesbians and Gays Everywhere All rights reserved. All rights reserved. (1974). Eighty families participated; 55 of the families were headed by lesbian parents and 25 were headed by heterosexual parents. And the sense of connection you have with the natural world seems to contribute to happiness even when youre not physically immersed in nature.. Gay fathers and their children. Sigmund Freud, Charcot's student and the father of psychoanalysis, examined the concept of psychological trauma throughout his career. Patterson, C. J. Lesbians Raising Sons is an anthology of first person writings examining the ideas of manhood, of motherhood, of lesbians raising male children in yesterday's and today's world. The family lives of lesbians and gay men. A comparison between the children of lesbian mothers and the children of heterosexual mothers. Gartrell and her colleagues (2000) have also reported that grandparents were very likely to acknowledge the children of lesbian daughters as grandchildren. My stepfather is a she. Psychoeducation: Information dissemination and educating in vulnerabilities and adoptable coping mechanisms. Copyright 2004 by the American Psychological Association. Systematic research comparing lesbian and gay adults to heterosexual adults began in the late 1950s, and research comparing children of lesbian and gay parents with those of heterosexual parents is of a more recent vintage. (PsycINFO Database Record. In the remaining 269 cases, two offenders were identified as being gay or lesbian. DeLeon, P. H. (1995). Although comprehensive, the research summary is focused on those issues that often arise in family law cases involving lesbian mothers or gay fathers. Lesbian and traditional mothers' responses to adult responses to child behavior and self concept. ), Chan, R. W., Raboy, B., & Patterson, C. J. Access the Guideline, the This, along with Substance Abuse are considered Substance Use Disorders. Similarly, lesbians' romantic and sexual relationships with other women have not been found to detract from their ability to care for their children (Bos et al., 2004; Chan et al., 1998b; Pagelow, 1980). [35] Vicarious trauma can lead workers to develop more negative views of themselves, others, and the world as a whole, which can compromise their quality of life and ability to work effectively.[36]. Journal of Homosexuality, 12, 101-113. Patterson, C. J., & Redding, R. E. (1996). (PsycINFO Database Record. Our grateful acknowledgements to Charlotte Patterson for contributing the summary of research findings; to Mary Ballou, Ed Dunne, Susan Iasenza, Steven James (CLGBC), Linda Jones, Bianca Cody Murphy (CWP), Gary Ross Reynolds (CLGBC), Lourdes Rodrques-Nogus (CLGBC), William Sanchez (CYF), and Ena Vazquez-Nuttal (CYF), for assistance in compiling the bibliography for the previous edition and writing the annotations; and to Natalie Eldridge, Patricia Falk, Mary Clare, Lawrence Kurdek, April Martin, Royce Scrivner, Andy Benjamin, Beverly Greene (CLGBC), and Laura Brown for reviewing the manuscript. Lesbian and Gay Rights Project (ACLU) Those who are able to be proactive can often overcome stressors and are more likely to be able to cope well with unexpected situations. Existing research on children with lesbian parents is limited by reliance on volunteer or convenience samples. American Anthropological Association. The review shows that research on lesbian and gay families is quite limited, and that, where these families have been studied, they have been problematized and their diversity has been overlooked. If you are searching for an online/phone Counsellor or Therapist, you don't need to enter your location, however, we recommend choosing a Counsellor or Therapist near you, so that you have the choice to see them in person in the future. The subjects' experiences surrounding their mothers' disclosure were explored, and sexual identity issues and friendships were highlighted. Sexual orientation in child and adolescent health care. Return to top. Data on children of parents who identify as bisexual are still not available, and information about children of non-White lesbian or gay parents is hard to find (but see Wainright et al., 2004, for a racially diverse sample). (1). Lesbian and gay families with children: Implications of social science research for policy. From the applied behavior analysis literature and the behavioral psychology literature, several evidence based intervention programs have emerged: (1) behavioral marital therapy; (2) community reinforcement approach; (3) cue exposure therapy; and (4) contingency management strategies. Agbayewa, M. O. However, father-child and co-mother-child relationships were equally warm and affectionate in all three groups and there were no group differences for children's scores on the Family Relations Test or co-mothers/fathers' scores on the Parenting Stress Index. The value of children to lesbian and non-lesbian mothers. and 33 matched homosexual fathers. Among children's adult contacts, those with relatives of their biological mothers were found to be more frequent than those with relatives of nonbiological mothers. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The Professional School of Psychology, San Francisco. This chapter critically reviews the principal source of data for the Cameron group's publications and identifies six serious errors in their sampling techniques, survey methodology, and interpretation of results. If important aspects of the person's self and world understanding have been violated, the person may call their own identity into question. For full text of APA policy statements on lesbian, gay, and bisexual concerns, see APA policy lgbc. Lesbians choosing motherhood: A comparative study of lesbian and heterosexual parents and their children. Proceedings of the American Psychological Association for the legislative year 2004: Minutes of the Annual Meeting of the Council of Representatives, February 20-22, 2004, Washington, DC, and July 28 and 30, 2004, Honolulu, Hawaii, and Minutes of the February, April, June, August, October, and December 2004 Meetings of the Board of Directors. (PsycINFO Database Record. The American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) adopted the following position statement at its October 2002 meeting: (PsycINFO Database Record. Daughters of DHMs had the highest and sons of DHMs had the lowest SE scores. Three personality aggregates-self-confidence, dominance, and nurturance-were computed from responses to the Adjective Check List. Participating children averaged 7 years of age. , 4. The quality of children's peer relations was described, on average, in positive terms by researchers (Golombok et al., 1983) as well as by mothers and their children (Green et al., 1986; Golombok et al., 1997). (2004). New York: St. Martins Press. When dependence has developed, cessation of substance-use produces an unpleasant state, which promotes continued drug use through negative reinforcement; i.e., the drug is used to escape or avoid re-entering the associated withdrawal state. [27] Long-term stress increases the risk of poor mental health and mental disorders, which can be attributed to secretion of glucocorticoids for a long period of time. Fulcher, M., Chan, R. W., Raboy, B., & Patterson, C. J. (1993). One criticism of this body of research has been that the research lacks external validity because samples studied to date may not be representative of the larger population of lesbian and gay parents (Belcastro et al., 1993). The empirical basis for the demise of the illness model of homosexuality. Negative attitudes about lesbian and gay parenting may be held in the population at large (King & Black, 1999; McLeod, Crawford, & Zechmeister, 1999) as well as by psychologists (Crawford, McLeod, Zamboni, & Jordan, 1999). Clinical examples from the author's practice are cited. National Association of Social Workers. Copyright 2004 by the American Psychological Association. (1995). Institute of Medicine guidelines identify cognitive behavioral therapies as the most effective treatments for PTSD. [citation needed] However, some people are born with or later develop protective factors such as genetics that help lower their risk of psychological trauma. Copyright 2002 by the American Psychological Association. , American Psychoanalytic Association (1997 and 2002). Copyright 2002 by the American Psychological Association. against women in the context of monitoring for the Sustainable Development Goals. These triggers cause flashbacks, which are dissociative experiences where the person feels as though the events are recurring. The rights of lesbian and gay Parents and their children. 10, No. Another criticism has been that, although there is considerable diversity within lesbian and gay parenting communities (Barrett & Tasker, 2001; Morris, Balsam, & Rothblum, 2002), research has often focused on narrowly defined samples. [13] Obsessive- compulsive disorder is another mental health disorder with symptoms similar to that of psychological trauma, such as hyper-vigilance and intrusive thoughts. B., Hotvedt, M. E., Gray, J., & Smith, L. (1986). Copyright 2004 by the American Psychological Association. Three aspects of sexual identity are considered in the research: gender identity, which concerns a person's self-identification as male or female; gender-role behavior, which concerns the extent to which a person's activities, occupations, and the like are regarded by the culture as masculine, feminine, or both; and sexual orientation, which refers to a person's choice of sexual partners, who may be homosexual, heterosexual, or bisexual (Money & Ehrhardt, 1972; Stein, 1993). Standardized interviews were used to obtain data on sexual orientation from the young adults in the follow-up study and on family characteristics and children's gender role behavior from the mothers and their children in the initial study. (The dissertation citation and abstract contained here is published with permission of ProQuest Information and Learning. [83] Measurement of the effectiveness of a universal trauma informed approach is in early stages [85] and is largely based in theory and epidemiology. 1, 2014). (PsycINFO Database Record. The studies reviewed and the findings in this chapter ought to be the touchstone of further theory and research in the study of homosexuality, because they represent the most carefully designed, reliable, valid, and objective measures of adjustment in the armamentarium of the behavioral sciences. ), O'Connell, A. All rights reserved. (1994a). We apologize for any inconvenience and are here to help you find similar resources. (1998). American Psychiatric Association. ), Golombok, S., Perry, B., Burston, A., Murray, C., Mooney-Somers, J., Stevens, M., & Golding, J. 665-666); WHEREAS discrimination and prejudice based on sexual orientation detrimentally affect psychological, physical, social, and economic well-being (Badgett, 2001; Cochran, Sullivan, & Mays, 2003; Herek, Gillis, & Cogan, 1999; Meyer, 2003); WHEREAS 'anthropological research on households, kinship relationships, and families, across cultures and through time, provide no support whatsoever for the view that either civilization or viable social orders depend upon marriage as an exclusively heterosexual institution' (American Anthropological Association, 2004); WHEREAS psychological research on relationships and couples provides no evidence to justify discrimination against same-sex couples (Kurdek, 2001, in press; Peplau & Beals, 2004; Peplau & Spalding, 2000); WHEREAS the institution of civil marriage confers a social status and important legal benefits, rights, and privileges; WHEREAS the United States General Accounting Office (2004) has identified over 1,000 federal statutory provisions in which marital status is a factor in determining or receiving benefits, rights, and privileges, for example, those concerning taxation, federal loans, and dependent and survivor benefits (e.g., Social Security, military, and veterans); WHEREAS there are numerous state, local, and private sector laws and other provisions in which marital status is a factor in determining or receiving benefits, rights, and privileges, for example, those concerning taxation, health insurance, health care decision making, property rights, pension and retirement benefits, and inheritance; WHEREAS same-sex couples are denied equal access to civil marriage; WHEREAS same-sex couples who enter into a civil union are denied equal access to all the benefits, rights, and privileges provided by federal law to married couples (United States General Accounting Office, 2004); WHEREAS the benefits, rights, and privileges associated with domestic partnerships are not universally available, are not equal to those associated with marriage, and are rarely portable; WHEREAS people who also experience discrimination based on age, race, ethnicity, disability, gender and gender identity, religion, and socioeconomic status may especially benefit from access to marriage for same-sex couples (Division 44/Committee on Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity Joint Task Force on Guidelines for Psychotherapy with Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Clients, 2000); THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED, THAT the APA believes that it is unfair and discriminatory to deny same-sex couples legal access to civil marriage and to all its attendant benefits, rights, and privileges; THEREFORE, BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED, THAT APA shall take a leadership role in opposing all discrimination in legal benefits, rights, and privileges against same-sex couples; THEREFORE, BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED, THAT APA encourages psychologists to act to eliminate all discrimination against same-sex couples in their practice, research, education, and training (Ethical Principles, 2002, p. 1063); THEREFORE, BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED, THAT the APA shall provide scientific and educational resources that inform public discussion and public policy development regarding sexual orientation and marriage and that assist its members, divisions, and affiliated state, provincial, and territorial psychological associations. Copyright 2002 by the American Psychological Association. Post-hoc testing revealed a gender difference: Women reported significantly greater dissatisfaction with parenting arrangements than their husbands or gay parents. Research on children of lesbian and gay parents has also been criticized for using poorly matched or no control groups in designs that call for such controls. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Department of Psychology, City University of New York. (2002). Advancing psychology to benefit society and improve lives. Seventy percent used an unknown donor to prevent potential third-party interference. They assessed the overlap between connectedness with nature and a general sense of connectedness, such as feeling in tune with ones friends or community. A comparison between the children of lesbian mothers and the children of heterosexual mothers. [39] Cognitive treatment requires psychologists to think deeply about what is happening in the brain of an addicted person. After controlling for study characteristics, curvilinear trends with respect to decade of publication were present for academic achievement, psychological well-being, self-concept, and social relations. The 80 participating families, all of whom had conceived children using the resources of a single sperm bank, included 55 families headed by lesbian and 25 families headed by heterosexual parents. Children of gay and lesbian parents. (From the chapter) Provides an overview of the legal and policy terrain for children of lesbian and gay parents in the US today, with an eye to the diversity of issues and families involved. (3) WHO, LSHTM, SAMRC. Golombok, S., Tasker, F. L., & Murray, C. (1997). ), Falk, P. J. Recognizing lesbian and gay families: Strategies for obtaining domestic partnership benefits. Sexual orientation of adult sons of gay fathers. for survivors of intimate partner violence; combined economic and social empowerment programmes; cash transfers; working with couples to improve communication and relationship skills; community mobilization interventions to change unequal gender norms; Copyright 2002 by the American Psychological Association. Thus, contemporary research on children of lesbian and gay parents involves a greater diversity of families than did earlier studies. The study findings are discussed in light of methodological problems in this type of research, and directions for future research are suggested. ), Tasker, F., & Golombok, S. (1995). (2004). . All rights reserved. Beliefs that lesbian and gay adults are not fit parents likewise have no empirical foundation (Anderssen, Amlie, & Ytteroy, 2002; Brewaeys & van Hall, 1997; Parks, 1998; Patterson, 2000; Patterson & Chan, 1996; Perrin, 2002; Stacey & Biblarz, 2001; Tasker, 1999; Victor & Fish, 1995). Select the free online programs through your MyAPA account. Consistent with this result, lesbian mothers were also more likely than heterosexual mothers to report that their daughters often participated in rough-and-tumble play or occasionally played with "masculine" toys such as trucks or guns, but they reported no differences in these areas for sons. Putting the New ACC/AHA Aortic Disease Guideline Into Practice. Forty 5- to 12-year-olds, divided equally into groups according to their mothers' sexual choice and within group by sex, were assessed with a developmental history, WISC scores, the Holtzman Inkblot Technique, and the Human Figure Drawing test. Further, applicants for adoption should be accepted "on the basis of an individual assessment of their capacity to understand and meet the needs of a particular available child at the point of adoption and in the future. All rights reserved. Results: Abuse was ruled out in 35 cases. Over a quarter of women aged15-49 years who have been in a relationship have been subjected to physical and/or sexual violence by their intimate partner at least once in their lifetime (since age 15). New York: Praeger. ), Child sexual abuse: New theory and research (pp. . (PsycINFO Database Record. All rights reserved. In many ways family life for children growing up in lesbian-led families is similar to that experienced by children in heterosexual families. This violence Like families headed by heterosexual parents, lesbian and gay parents and their children are a diverse group (Arnup, 1995; Barrett & Tasker, 2001; Martin, 1998; Morris, Balsam, & Rothblum, 2002). Using drugs at an early age can cause changes in the developing brain and increase the likelihood of progressing to drug addiction. In the following I will address each of these areas of concern. Adoption Quarterly, 7(1), 73-84. Part II is an annotated bibliography of the literature cited in Part I. Across the globe, those that tended to have a higher prevalence of substance dependence were in their twenties, unemployed, and men. 163-172). In F. W. Bozett (Ed. We are everywhere: Writings by and about lesbian parents. Expression of CaMKII and c-fos is attenuated by NMDA receptor antagonists, which is associated with blunted withdrawal in adult rats, but not neonatal rats[24] While acute administration of opioids decreases AMPA receptor expression and depresses both NMDA and non-NMDA excitatory postsynaptic potentials in the NAC, withdrawal involves a lowered threshold for LTP and an increase in spontaneous firing in the NAc.[25]. Copyright 1980. Children benefited from group discussions about changes in their lives and in their mothers' sexual orientation. Arnup, K. [16][17] In such instances, seeking counselling in appropriate mental health services is in the best interests of both the child and the parent(s). More remote and biodiverse spaces may be particularly helpful, though even urban parks and trees can lead to positive outcomes. Rafkin, L. Longer-term reactions include unpredictable emotions, flashbacks, difficulties with interpersonal relationships and sometimes physical symptoms including headaches or nausea. 30 Winter Street, Suite 800 The experience and outcomes of psychological trauma can be assessed in a number of ways. [4][5] This discrepancy in risk rate can be attributed to protective factors some individuals may have that enable them to cope with difficult events, including temperamental and environmental factors (such as resilience and willingness to seek help). Man and woman, boy and girl: The differentiation and dimorphism of gender identity from conception to maturity. Golombok, S., Perry, B., Burston, A., Murray, C., Mooney-Somers, J., Stevens, M., & Golding, J. No data on the children of gay fathers have been reported in this area. Copyright 2002 by the American Psychological Association. In F. W. Bozett & M. B. Sussman (Eds. Each letter of RESPECT stands for one of seven strategies: Relationship skills strengthening; Empowerment of women; Services ensured; Poverty reduced; Enabling environments (schools, work places, public spaces) created; Child and adolescent abuse prevented; [58] The American Psychiatric Association adopted the following position statement at its November 2000 meeting: The American Psychiatric Association supports the legal recognition of same sex unions and their associated legal rights, benefits and responsibilities. [73] Recent studies show that a combination of treatments involving dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), often used for borderline personality disorder, and exposure therapy is highly effective in treating psychological trauma. PTSD emerged as the label for this condition after the Vietnam War in which many veterans returned to their respective countries demoralized, and sometimes, addicted to psychoactive substances. Treatment doesn't need to be voluntary to be effective. Results of work in this area reveal that the great majority of adults who perpetrate sexual abuse are male; sexual abuse of children by adult women is extremely rare (Finkelhor & Russell, 1984; Jones & McFarlane, 1980; Sarafino, 1979). Smith College Studies in Social Work, 63, 265-280. ), Lesbian, gay, and bisexual identities in families: Psychological perspectives (pp. Health effects can also include headaches, pain syndromes (back pain, abdominal pain, chronic pelvic pain) gastrointestinal disorders, limited mobility and poor overall health. This kind of loneliness is referred to by researchers as reactive loneliness. Other mental health disorders. The third section summarizes research on heterogeneity among lesbian and gay parents and their children. Two cases of children of homosexuals. Patterson, C. J. . 133-155). (pp. Robin A. Buhrke, PhD, Sari H. Dworkin, PhD, and Louise B. Silverstein, PhD Badgett, M. V. L. (2001). Multiple regression analyses indicated that these assumptions were significantly predicted by the subjects' stereotype of gay men as effeminate, above and beyond the subjects' political conservatism and religious attendance. 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