The second is achievement assessment, which refers to the assessment undertaken at the next round of classes through students repeated practice outside class to check whether the students have achieved the objectives of the unit learned. During the teleconference, suggestions were made for the creation of a one-page summary of study results specifically targeted to the CEOs,33 the principal decision makers who would ultimately influence the funding of a KB role within rehabilitation organizations. The knowledge users should be in a position to influence decision-making authority to integrate knowledge into the environment where they practice. The audio-lingual method, Army Method, or New Key, is a method used in teaching foreign languages.It is based on behaviorist theory, which postulates that certain traits of living things, and in this case humans, could be trained through a system of reinforcement.The correct use of a trait would receive positive feedback while incorrect use of that trait would receive negative To overcome these barriers, the research team successfully obtained additional resources via a CIHR Dissemination Event grant. holds that code-switching cannot occur between a functional head (a complementizer, a determiner, an inflection, etc.) Bensaid, Benaouda Chow, S. Rangarajan, G. Dagenais, R. Diaz, R. Gupta, R. Kelishadi, R. Iqbal, A. Avezum, A. Kruger, R. Kutty, F. Lanas, L. Lisheng, L. Wei, P. Lopez-Jaramillo, A. Oguz, O. Rahman, H. Swidan, K. Yusoff, W. Zatonski, A. Rosengren, and K.K. Victorino, C., and A.H. Gauthier. 2009. Model, exemplar texts by students or teachers are assumed, by the POA, to be more learnable and within students ZPD than would be texts published by famous native speakers of English. listening and reading) as mediators rather than as ends for their own sake (Wen Reference Wen2008). Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Following a bumpy launch week that saw frequent server trouble and bloated player queues, Blizzard has announced that over 25 million Overwatch 2 players have logged on in its first 10 days. This is by no means a simple process and involves a range of "interactions between researchers and knowledge users that may vary in intensity, complexity and level of engagement depending on the nature of the research and the findings as well as the needs of the particular knowledge user."i. Rather than constructing criteria for different types of language products at one go, it is better to construct sets of criteria while evaluating a particular type of language product. The last step of this phase is to explain what students are expected to achieve at the end of the unit. With iKT projects, there is a greater expectation that the findings or recommendations will be acted on. The POA assumes that if students realize their weaknesses, they, as adults, would like to learn more in order to avoid embarrassment and perform more effectively in the future. The Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) has written this guide as one resource to fill this knowledge gap. Merit review takes into account the scientific merit as well as the potential impact of the project. [39][40], Scholars of conversation analysis such as Peter Auer and Li Wei argue that the social motivation behind code-switching lies in the way code-switching is structured and managed in conversational interaction; in other words, the question of why code-switching occurs cannot be answered without first addressing the question of how it occurs. Zhang Reference Zhang2016). As a participating knowledge user, CCS is clearly engaged throughout the project, from contributing to the research plan to informing the end-of-grant KT plan. Landry, Lyons, Amara, Warner, Ziam, Halilem, Kroack. 2020. Paediatr Child Health. How do you know which materials to use first? The extended control process model states the following: "Language control signals operate on a subcortical gate that acts as a constructor of utterance plans. The weakness of top-down instruction is too much emphasis on the meaning of a text without activities for students to directly use linguistic forms learned from the text. As students bring this knowledge to bear in our classrooms, it influences how they filter and interpret what they are learning. This iKT approach can increase the chances of successfully implementing a proposed KT plan. Table 1 presents specific tasks with requirements during the first phase of instruction. The second phase of the POA is called enabling, which means instruction must follow a series of steps designed by the teacher to lead students from being less to more able. Traditional Chinese teaching places too much emphasis on learning without enough attention paid to using language whereas Western, task-based or project-based approaches put too much stress on using language without teachers providing students with systematic guidance for learning. Teachers are often encouraged to segment a large productive activity into several mini-ones. The central premise of iKT is that involving knowledge users as equal partners alongside researchers will lead to research that is more relevant to, and more likely to be useful to, the knowledge users.1-9 Each stage in the research process is an opportunity for significant collaboration with knowledge users, including the development or refinement of the research questions, selection of the methodology, data collection and tools development, selection of outcome measures, interpretation of the findings, crafting of the message and dissemination of the results. However, if too many linguistic items are expected to be acquired, the results might contradict the SLH principles of the POA, and students confidence and interests in learning might be diminished if they feel they cannot meet the teacher's expectations no matter how hard they work. Li, Zhenxiao Where appropriate, does the team plan to collaborate with members of its target audiences? Wen & Liu Reference Wen and Liu2007). These resource-intensive activities were included within the original grant budget because the development and implementation of national tobacco control policies lie within the domain of governments; therefore, it was important to keep policy makers abreast of the current evidence, not only in their country but also in other countries, particularly those that could serve as models of best practice and inspiration for stronger action in tobacco control. and [28], Critics cite weaknesses of Sankoff and Poplack's model. CIHR defines a knowledge user as an individual who is likely to be able to use research results to make informed decisions about health policies, programs and/or practices. In: Archiv Orientln, 2008 (vol. In Jennifer Bloomquist. To what extent does the researcher/knowledge-user team have the necessary expertise and track record to deliver on the project's objectives, including the objectives of the end-of-grant KT plan? The latest Lifestyle | Daily Life news, tips, opinion and advice from The Sydney Morning Herald covering life and relationships, beauty, fashion, health & wellbeing There are also a wide range of strategies involved, including: the formation of bilingual verbs by the addition of prefixes, suffixes, and infixes (e.g. A deadline and format must be clearly specified in advance so that students submitted products are presented in a required format and handed in on time. What should be selected from the language input to fulfill productive activities successfully? It also indicates that the data produced from the study will permit clinicians, managers and policy planners to select the most appropriate and promising interventions for improving secondary prevention of atherosclerosis. This can include, but is not limited to, the language of choice, accent, dialect, and para-linguistic features used in the conversation. For each unit of iEnglish, there are two texts as enablers. Wang, Lifei How the knowledge users will be involved in developing the research question, collecting and analyzing data, interpreting results, crafting the overall message, developing recommendations and identifying audiences for dissemination should be specified in the project proposal. Some scholars use either term to denote the same practice, while others apply code-mixing to denote the formal linguistic properties of language-contact phenomena and code-switching to denote the actual, spoken usages by multilingual persons. Scientific merit generally reflects the rigour and appropriateness of the proposed research methodology and the strength of the research team. Some innovative teachers are experimenting with task-based (Ellis Reference Ellis2003) or project-based (Markham Reference Markham2011) approaches in their English teaching (e.g. Download Free PDF View PDF. Table 3 Tasks and requirements of achievement assessment. inclusion of informal leaders to assist with sharing of evidence), arts-based KT activity (e.g. Generally, borrowing occurs in the lexicon, while code-switching occurs at either the syntax level or the utterance-construction level. Finally, participants wanted and received a document summarizing the teleconference ideas that they could use for planning,34 a PowerPoint presentation and a poster to further disseminate the study results within their own organizations. As an example, it has systematically reviewed and meta-analyzed whether non-invasive cardiovascular imaging leads to improved cardiovascular clinical care. Ontario: The Hospital for Sick Children. The strategy requires the involvement of community and knowledge user partners within the study location of Vancouver's Downtown Eastside, as well as more broadly within other health regions in British Columbia. 2010. On the other hand, textbook writers do not actually want materials with 100% matching because students need to learn how to process new materials and find out what they need for language production. hasContentIssue true, Current English instruction at the undergraduate level, Development of, and justifications for, the POA, Copyright Cambridge University Press 2016. Scotton, Carol. When there are potential knowledge-user audiences beyond the research community, end-of-grant KT activities should be more intensive and emphasize nonacademic modes of communication: the language of publications should be adapted to the target audience (e.g. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. and In their two-hour conversation, the three men primarily speak Tewa; however, when Speaker A addresses the Hopi Reservation as a whole, he code-switches to Hopi. This guide is based on work done by Suzanne Ross, Paula Goering, Nora Jacobson and Dale Butterill and commissioned by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the Canadian Health Services Research Foundation, the National Institute for Health Research Service Delivery and Organisation and the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development. Ministry for Children and Families). Upon completion of the original grant, the KT plan was reviewed and implemented with minor changes. Code-switching is different from plurilingualism in that plurilingualism refers to the ability of an individual to use multiple languages,[1] while code-switching is the act of using multiple languages together. Example 1 is ungrammatical (indicated by the leading asterisk) because "your" is accessed, so the Embedded Language Island Trigger Hypothesis predicts that it must be followed by an English head (e.g., "your letter") as an Embedded Language island. Kitson, A., and M. Bisby. Then, in class, the students may first make comments and make revisions in pairs or groups, followed by whole-class discussion. The deficiency in bottom-up instruction is too much emphasis on individual language items without prompting learners to produce extended discourse for meaningful communication. ), Part 1 & 2 by Yuehua Liu et al. The initial grant submission proposal included a KT plan that identified the KT goal of increasing knowledge and awareness of this topic area to inform future research. As a researcher with a keen interest in classroom instruction, I have had abundant opportunities to observe English lessons. The SLH assumes that output-driven learning with enabling input materials can lead to better outcomes when the input is selectively processed with a specific purpose for a productive activity (Hanten et al. Guide to Knowledge Transfer: Designed for Researchers in Occupational Health and Safety [ PDF (512 KB) - external link ]. Fricke, Melinda & Gerrit Jan Kootstra. 2015. [53], In a study published in 2001, event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from native English speakers as they randomly named digits in English or their L2. To what extent are the knowledge users meaningfully engaged in informing the research plan? The policy briefs provided identical information to each province and were built upon the consultant summaries that were included within the resource allocation of the original grant proposal. Yan, Jiahao Increased activation is seen in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during language switching, but not regularly. From Research to Practice: A Knowledge Transfer Planning Guide (2006). Selective learning means that the learner chooses to learn only what is useful for the assigned productive activity. Zheng, Chunping However, code-switching during language comprehension, as opposed to production, did not result in an N320. Cham: Springer, Educational Linguistics series, 2017. pp. That priming is what makes it difficult to pinpoint changes in activation within any given network. [9] Both in popular usage and in sociolinguistic study, the name code-switching is sometimes used to refer to switching among dialects, styles or registers. Can scientists and policy makers work together? However, the correct way to finish the sentence is not "for wewe", switching back to Swahili; rather, it should end with "for you", which would be an Embedded Language island. The sentence: "The students had visto la pelcula italiana" ("The students had seen the Italian movie") does not occur in Spanish-English code-switching, yet the free-morpheme constraint would seem to posit that it can. The following four factors should be considered when developing a research proposal with an iKT approach. Li, Liang Use of secondary prevention drugs for cardiovascular disease in the community in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries (the PURE Study): a prospective epidemiological survey. P.W. For example, a child who is a bilingual Spanish-English speaker might speak Spanish at home and English in class, but Spanish at recess.[43]. Table 3 presents the tasks and the requirements of achievement assessment. Situation 1: You and your foreign friend are talking about art in the West and in China. This approach views explicit reference to code-switching in grammatical analysis as tautological, and seeks to explain specific instances of grammaticality in terms of the unique contributions of the grammatical properties of the languages involved. Sci Public Policy. The RICHER social pediatrics model: fostering access and reducing inequities in childrens health. Kostogriz, Alexander A single study can represent either the culmination of a large body of work ready for application or a nascent area of research where the findings may not yet be generalizable. podcasting, webinars, YouTube), KT specialist: an individual with expertise in the theory and/or practice of knowledge translation. Washington, Julie A, Nicole Patton Terry, Mark S Seidenberg & others. Oxford, Eng. 2021. Proposals should include an evaluation plan to assess the process of an iKT approach and to learn about barriers and facilitators for collaboration. Nagsa-sweat ako = "I was sweating"); switching at the morphological, word, phrasal, or clausal levels; and the use of system morphemes (like enclitics, conjunctions, etc.) The resources detailed in the proposal budget included funds for the development of these electronic materials and conference registration fees. Since then, I have talked about the POA in keynote speeches at three international conferences where positive feedback, constructive suggestions, as well as criticisms were received (Wen Reference Wen2014b, Reference Wen2015a, Reference Wen2015b), leading to subsequent revisions. Other audiences become particularly pertinent when there is the intention to disseminate the research results more broadly. With the help of its knowledge-user partner, the Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS) in particular, the individuals who sit on the Society's guideline committees the team plans to disseminate its research results to the cardiovascular community, where it will enter the current guideline creation cycle and enhance ongoing efforts to improve the quality of cardiovascular prevention for Canadians. Fluency may improve, but this kind of production cannot effectively expand students knowledge base, language system, and discourse patterns. Guidance by good swimming coaches, however, would make for faster and more efficient progress than through people struggling by themselves. According to some authors, nonverbal communication represents two-thirds of all communications. The following examples illustrate how end-of-grant KT can be applied in practice. In addition to the materials provided by textbooks, the POA also expects a teacher to find suitable materials from websites or for students to search the internet for relevant materials under the teacher's guidance. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 703: 226-235. By October 2014, the POA as a whole was elaborated as a system. The iterative process by which knowledge is actually considered, put into practice or used to improve health and the health system. On the other hand, there are two forms of cooperative control: coupled control ("the matrix language temporarily cedes control to other language to allow intended insertion or alternation before control is returned back") and open control ("entry into the utterance planning mechanism is determined by whichever items from either language are most active at some moment in time"). Gong, Yang (Frank) As mentioned, there is a section in the guide specific to each approach. Applicants should try to understand the current state of the audiences' knowledge, how they tend to use knowledge and the formats in which they prefer to receive their information. The LUIP encourages students and teachers to pay attention to both learning language and using language simultaneously, integrating and smoothly articulating each, without an obvious gap or inordinate time lag between the two. Adequate materials provide students with relevant ideas, language expressions, or discourse structures for the assigned productive activity. Motivating is the initial phase of the POA, making it different from other teaching approaches from the outset. The knowledge-user partners involved in the project show a clear commitment to undertaking the study and using the findings to improve practice models, as evidenced by the letters of support that accompany the proposal. Applicants should demonstrate that their team includes the appropriate level of expertise to complete the end-of-grant KT plan. JAMA. In this sense, learning objectives necessarily vary according to students diverse abilities in English. Research-based Principles of Learning & Teaching Strategies. Language switches from the L1 to L2 were characterized with an N320 ERP, indicating inhibition of unwanted lexicon, which may reflect a greater need to suppress an active L1 when using L2. Teaching languages requires specific linguistic and methodological knowledge and experience. At the conclusion of this research project, when peer-reviewed publications were under way,29-31 Russell and her team identified the need for additional strategies to engage with the participating CROs. Another strength of the ANSWER project is the active and committed involvement of experts from the six relevant disciplines as well as knowledge-user groups. Li, Chan Townsend, D. Lacaille, C. Yousefi, S. Turnau, et al. [44] Cases like the noun phrases the casa white and the blanca house are ruled out because the combinations are ungrammatical in at least one of the languages involved. 2020. School instruction should be carefully planned, effectively organized, and professionally guided to achieve high efficiency. The third type prepares students for the key discourse structure in the unit, normally, through an exemplary essay or speech produced previously by a student or a teacher on a similar but different topic. Identify and analyze the subject matter in classical Chinese paintings. Collectively, members of this team have contributed from the planning phase of the project through to its completion. a description of the category of KT in question; a brief explanation of the relevant KT factors; a worksheet with questions pertinent to each factor; and. These factors are the same regardless of the domain of research, though how they apply will vary. Where permitted by the publishers, copies of the papers were posted on the publications page of Dr. Andrews' website. Introduction: 'Mode 2' revisited: the new production of knowledge. 2010. For language expressions, the POA suggests that the teacher list only the most essential words, expressions, and sentence structures to be mastered and closely related to the needs of accomplishing the assigned productive tasks. A model for collaborative evaluation of university-community partnerships. Recognizing the potential benefit of the ANSWER program for the management of early RA in primary care, the B.C. In addition, several discussion questions were pre-circulated to allow dialogue at the individual sites prior to the teleconference, when the participants would be discussing their organizations' ideas and plans with the other CROs and the study team. Peng, Hongying Li, Chanyi The following three examples help to illustrate the factors that make a strong proposal for research with an iKT approach. As an expert in this field, Dr. Andrews was invited to give presentations at 16 international meetings, including the Society of Nuclear Medicine Annual Meeting, and was a keynote speaker at the Annual High-Content Analysis Conference. The three principles set guidelines for the other two components; the three hypotheses serve as a theoretical basis for the teaching process; the three-phase teaching process reflects and illustrates the principles while testing the hypotheses. AFS was a file system and sharing platform that allowed users to access and distribute stored content. The team has ensured that its proposal underlines the implications of the synthesis results for clinical care and future research. iKT is an approach to doing research that applies the principles of knowledge translation to the entire research process. 1. For example, the overall productive activity for Art and Nature is to make comparisons between Western and Chinese paintings from one or more perspectives. Li, Tengda The first type centers on identifying and synthesizing information, which helps students obtain crucial ideas from the text relevant to the productive activity. and Beanlands, G.K. Dresser, A. Goela, A.H. Davies, L.P. Badano, D. Poldermans, E. Boersma, and V.Y. Lomas J. Speakers also practice code-switching when they are each fluent in both languages. This is so because language transfer does not require switching between language systems to be done by a multilingual speaker. This aligns well with the objectives of the PHSI grant, to support a collaborative approach to applied health systems and services research that is useful to health system managers and policy makers. Does the budget allocate adequate financial support to implement the plan? We see the same thing happen in example 2, which is therefore ungrammatical. [10] This form of switching is practiced, for example, by speakers of African American Vernacular English as they move from less formal to more formal settings. The methods to be used are well described and appropriate to the research question, following established standards for systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression. Feature Flags: { It should also incorporate a dissemination plan to share the results of the project with other interested knowledge users. We have helped thousands of students with their Essays, Assignments, Research Papers, Term Papers, Theses, Dissertations, Capstone Projects, etc. The Sounds of Chinese and how to Teach them. In keeping with the original KT strategy, the team's findings have been successfully published in the open-access journals Molecular Biology of the Cell, The Journal of Biological Chemistry and PLoS ONE, as well as conventional journals such as Biochemical Journal and others. The focus of the teleconferences was to encourage participating sites to discuss the impact of the KB study and whether and how participants might consider implementing a KB role more broadly, thus combining the expertise of the research team with its identified audiences. Audiences should be precisely defined with respect to their sector of work and their role in decision making related to the research findings simply mentioning clinicians, managers, policy makers, etc., is not sufficiently specific to make clear that the audiences selected are appropriate to the identified goals. 47, 5864. Table 2 illustrates the specific tasks and requirements of the enabling phase. Why is it interesting? Boyce, and B.S. To what extent will knowledge users be involved in interpreting results and informing KT plans/activities? While KT has been given many different labels, CIHR defines it as "a dynamic and iterative process that includes synthesis, dissemination, exchange and ethically sound application of knowledge to improve the health of Canadians, provide more effective health services and products and strengthen the health care system." developed their guide based on the literature on knowledge translation, and they piloted it with applicants and reviewers linked to three of the four partner organizations. Such products included national reports for low- and middle-income countries and synthesis reports to summarize survey results on the effectiveness of smoke-free policies and the factors associated with successful smoking-cessation programs and policies. A Matrix Language island is a constituent composed entirely of Matrix Language morphemes.[46]. The purpose of the original research is to produce new knowledge, rather than to present the existing knowledge in a new form (e.g., summarized or classified). Proposals should demonstrate that the project has been shaped by the participating knowledge users and responds to their knowledge needs. Ross S. (Health Policy Strategies and McMaster University), Goering P., Jacobson N., Butterill D. (Health Systems Research and Consulting Unit, CAMH). Several theories have been developed to explain the reasoning behind code-switching from sociological and linguistic perspectives. Implementing Research: A guideline for health researchers. The gate interacts with frontal regions to select a syntactic structure and binds roles in that structure to a specific lexical content. Novi Budiman. examine the predictors of University of Saskatchewan medical graduates who work in Canada, in Saskatchewan and in rural communities. The underbanked represented 14% of U.S. households, or 18. New language appearing in their production is most likely incidental rather than achieved by design. Table 1 Tasks and requirements of the first, motivating phase. Cheikh Faye, Monique Lortie, Lise Desmarais. The production-oriented approach (POA) has been developed over ten years to overcome the weaknesses in English instruction in tertiary education in Mainland China. The POA has developed over nearly ten years based on three rounds of research by eight English teachers from Chinese universities. The Embedded Language Island Trigger Hypothesis states that when an Embedded Language morpheme appears which is not permitted under either the Matrix Language Hypothesis or Blocking Hypothesis, it triggers the inhibition of all Matrix Language accessing procedures and completes the current constituent as an Embedded Language island. As a main research source the textbook Contemporary Chinese will be used. To what extent does the project respond to the objectives of the funding opportunity? Based on the findings of the initial work, a subsequent CIHR Research grant has since been awarded to this research team. The development of products and services based on research results, including commercialization activities, is also a form of end-of-grant KT. The KT strategy concentrated efforts on audiences in Saskatchewan and Newfoundland and Labrador, such as departments of health, regional health boards, health board associations, medical schools and study participants. All students in schools in Mainland China have been following the new syllabus of English instruction for secondary education issued by the Ministry of Education in 2003 (MOE 2003), which has more comprehensive objectives, offers varieties of English courses, and sets more demanding requirements compared to previous syllabi. Throughout this project, the KT plan was revisited and implemented as initially proposed, since it remained appropriate for these early stages of discovery findings. At CIHR, projects that take an iKT approach must be evaluated using merit review, in which researchers and knowledge users assess both the scientific merit and the potential impact of the project using separate scores. Despite their widespread use in research, these tools had made only a slow progression into the clinical world. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub., 2003. English language instruction is a part of higher education that on the whole aims to produce socially developed and globally aware citizens. Code mixing is a thematically related term, but the usage of the terms code-switching and code-mixing varies. Especially when you're a beginner, using the right resources to start out will help you learn Chinese faster. We got you covered! McEwen. Covert bilingualism and symbolic competence: Analytical reflections on negotiating insider/outsider positionality in Swedish speech situations. Linguistic objectives include both language expressions and discourse structures. Archiv Orientln, 2011 (vol. For instance, pair or group work can develop students team spirit. community-based and not-for-profit organizations, health care professionals/service providers. "[47] The approach focuses on the repudiation of any rule or principle which explicitly refers to code-switching itself. 2011. The teaching processes contain three phases, each mediated by the teacher: motivating, enabling, and assessing. Teacher Edition. [65] They are discussing the selection of a site for a new high school in the eastern Hopi Reservation. The state of child development in Canada: are we moving toward, or away from, equity from the start? At the same time, the IEH and SLH are brought to the fore and tested in this phase (e.g. Based on the result of the ongoing diagnostic and formative assessment, the teacher should adjust the pace of instruction. The students are expected to analyze the given materials and summarize their organizing structure. Applicants should present strategies that support their KT goals and adapt the knowledge to audience needs and context of use. It is so widespread that a non-native speaker can be identified easily because they predominantly use pure Tagalog, whereas a native speaker would switch freely with English. Linguists continue to debate apparent counter-examples to proposed code-switching theories and constraints. Functioning as enablers, receptive activities such as listening and reading must provide students with relevant ideas, linguistic expressions, and discourse structures. Optional exercises sometimes also include translations from Chinese to English, focusing on expressions that appear difficult for students to understand or theme-related communicative activities. [8] In popular usage, code-switching is sometimes used to refer to relatively stable informal mixtures of two languages, such as Spanglish, Taglish, or Hinglish. "The architecture of the bilingual language faculty: Evidence from codeswitching". The exercises within this type are various. Lynam, M.J., L. Scott, C. Loock, and S. Wong. Prosecutor Bernie de la Rionda: Okay. This study, therefore, aims to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using qualitative and quantitative research approaches and methods in language testing and assessment research. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. In iKT, potential knowledge users are engaged throughout the research process. Proposals should specify when, how and for what purpose the researchers and knowledge users will meet. In developing an end-of-grant KT plan for its grant proposal, the team identified the short-term KT goals of a face-to-face meeting with the KBs to discuss the preliminary results and get their perspective on the knowledge brokering intervention. Ardasheva, Yuliya Embedded Language islands consist only of Embedded Language morphemes and are well-formed by Embedded Language grammar, but they are inserted in the Matrix Language frame. J Epidemiol Community Health. 171(11):97782. "Sinc As Table 2 shows, the enabling phase of the POA consists of four major steps which can be rearranged and repeated according to the pedagogical situation. The last phase of the POA is to assess students language products, which might be written compositions, public speeches, translated texts, oral interpretations, simulated role plays, posters, and so on. The problem isn't that there aren't enough resources available -but that there are too many! However, the teachers should not forget about introducing culture-oriented elements during the classes, especially as far as oriental languages are concerned. After this aside, Selvamani continues to speak in French. J Res Nurs. The sounds of Chinese and how to teach them, The structure of the Mandarin syllable: when, why and how to teach it, On the transferability of bottom-up reading skills from L1 English to L2 Chinese and the implications for Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language, The role of pinyin proficiency in the acquisition of L2 vocabulary among English-speaking secondary school learners of Chinese, The Development of the Mandarin Interlanguage Corpus (MIC)A Preliminary Report on a Small-Scale Learner Database, Issues in Chinese Language Education and Teacher Development - 2008, Using Introductions to improve initial intelligibility (pp. The whole system needs to be elaborated and optimized. Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990-2020: global burden of disease study. [29]:193194 It is more of a "syntactic blend" than the kind of lexical blend one sees in portmanteau words such as smog. This kind of collaborative assessment can lead to better learning outcomes than a teacher's individual feedback. and Gibbons, M. 2000. In studying the syntactic and morphological patterns of language alternation, linguists have postulated specific grammatical rules and specific syntactic boundaries for where code-switching might occur. The other types involve utterances that simply follow the grammar of one language or the other. Ross, S., et al. WPEP emphasizes that English language teaching aims not only to realize instrumental objectives, such as developing students competence using English for communication, but also entails humanistic objectives such as cultivating students critical thinking skills, autonomous learning abilities, intercultural competence, and overall humanistic qualities. 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