These longstanding policies and systematic practices box in, dispossess, forcibly separate, marginalize, and otherwise inflict suffering on Palestinians. Human Rights Watch found that the Israeli government has pursued an intent to maintain the domination of Jewish Israelis over Palestinians throughout the territory it controls. [324] Israeli authorities have seized significant parts of the land, building a cluster of settlements centered around the urban settlement of Ariel. Shows. Inside Israel, Israels Proclamation of Independence affirms the complete equality of all residents, but a two-track citizenship structure contradicts that vow and effectively regards Jews and Palestinians separately and unequally. The Apartheid Convention also calls on states parties to prosecute those who commit the crime and over whom they have jurisdiction, as well as to take other measures aimed at prevention, suppression and punishment of the crime of apartheid.[78]. [829] The law offered compensation, but largely in the form of alternative plots that were either uncultivable or belonged to refugees in exile, as one historian wrote, or compensation based on rates so low that Israels then-Foreign Minister and later Prime Minister Moshe Sharett referred to them as a scandalous robbery.[830], In a 2005 report, the Global IDP Project of the Norwegian Refugee Council estimated based on a review of a range of sources that there were at the time between 150,000 and 300,000 Palestinians in Israel internally displaced from the events surrounding the establishment of Israel. [182] Reuven Pedatzur, The Jordanian Option, the Plan That Refuses to Die, Haaretz, July 25, 2007, https://www.haaretz.com/1.4954947 (accessed June 1, 2020). [222] By contrast, between January 2011 and August 2014, the army approved 58 applications for West Bank residents to relocate to Gaza on the condition they sign a pledge never to return to the West Bank. [425] Ir Amim, Displaced in Their Own City, p. 51; Jerusalem Institute for Policy Research, Kufr Aqab: Abstract.. [122], The explicit mandate of the JNF is to develop and lease land for Jews and not any other segment of the population. The group estimated that 60,000 to 70,000 homes in Israel, excluding Jerusalem, were at risk as of 2018 of full demolition. Consider including calls for Israel to grant Palestinians in the occupied territory civil rights at least equal to those it grants its own citizens in publications, reports, and policy positions and to assess Israels conduct on this basis, as Human Rights Watch has outlined in a separate publication. [245] Order Concerning the Administration of Local Councils, Israeli Military Order No. (7)(2)(h), Emphasis added. 72-112. To obtain permits, Palestinians face an arbitrary, entirely non-transparent bureaucratic system, with no way of assessing the chances that their applications will be approved or how soon, according to the Israeli rights group BTselem. In October 1977, the Israeli government formally adopted a plan produced by Ariel Sharon, then both the chairperson of the Ministerial Committee for Settlement Affairs and agriculture minister, that expanded on the Allon Plan by strengthening Israeli control in the western West Bank, to the east of the Green Line. A family member said that authorities confiscated some of their land and that they now need permits to access the remainder of it. [237] By contrast, Jewish Israelis living in the West Bank are Israeli citizens who cannot lose that status no matter how many years they spend abroad. To maintain the domination of Jewish Israelis over Palestinians, Israeli authorities have carried out over many years a range of serious abuses. in Localities With 5,000 Residents and More On 31.12.2019(1).. [528] In addition, authorities have acknowledged taking into account considerations relating to manufacturing capabilities, as well as supply and demand in the relevant markets.[529] Israeli authorities, for example, forbid the marketing of many fruits and vegetables from Gaza in the West Bank and Israel. Laws and policies adopted by the Israeli government to preserve a Jewish majority have afforded benefits to Jews at the expense of the fundamental rights of Palestinians. [524] Gisha, Gaza Up Close; First Time: Egypt Permits the Entry of Cement and Goods to Gaza via the Salah al-Din Crossing (Arabic), Sama News Agency, February 7, 2018, https://bit.ly/3rrxw32 (accessed September 17, 2020). [727] Haqel and Kerem Navot, Out of Order, p. 18. The 1952 Citizenship Law also authorizes granting citizenship based on naturalization. [92] Jonathan Cook, Blood and Religion: The Unmasking of the Jewish and Democratic State (London: Pluto Press: 2006), p. 16. [371] HaMoked, Ministry of Interior Data: 18 East Jerusalem Palestinians Were Stripped of their Permanent Residency Status in 2020 as Part of Israels Quiet Deportation Policy; 10 of Them Women, March 9, 2021. http://www.hamoked.org/Document.aspx?dID=Updates2224 (accessed March 28, 2021). [534] The Israeli cement company Nesher also produces nearly all the cement used in Gaza. NRC, Legal Memo - The Absentee Property Law and its Application to East Jerusalem, February 2017, nrc.no/globalassets/pdf/legal-opinions/absentee_law_memo.pdf (accessed June 15, 2020). On July 7, 1967, exactly one month after the Israeli army occupied the West Bank, Israels then-Prime Minister Levi Eshkol of the Labor Party said, The security and the land are in Israeli hands.[182] In a party meeting that year, Eshkol clarified that authorities covet the dowry, not the bride,[183] an apparent reference to wanting the West Bank without the Palestinians who live there. [852] The temporary order, enacted by the Knesset in July 2003, renewed every year since and upheld by the Israeli Supreme Court, prohibits with few exceptions the granting of residency or citizenship to Palestinian ID holders, even if married to an Israeli citizen or permanent resident. [614] Sikkuy and Injaz, The Fund for Reducing Gaps, (Hebrew and Arabic), Position Paper, May 2020, https://www.sikkuy.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8-%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%94-%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%9F-%D7%9C%D7%A6%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%9D-%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D-%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99-1.pdf (accessed June 10, 2020). [342] Israeli Banks Profit from Settlements, May 24, 2018, Human Rights Watch video clip, YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=__HiXM_8Y94&feature=emb_logo. [235] They also treat the two population groups unequally on a range of issues, including protection of civil and political rights; methods of law enforcement; freedom of movement; freedom to build; and access to water, electricity, infrastructure, and other resources and services. [125] See, for example, Keren Kayemeth LeIsrael- Jewish National Fund (KKL-JNF), Jewish People Land, https://www.kkl-jnf.org/about-kkl-jnf/kkl-jnf-id/jewish-people-land/ (accessed June 1, 2020). Israeli authorities have used several different legal instruments to confiscate landas detailed in a later chapter of this reportamong them designating land, including land privately owned by Palestinians, as state land.[279], Israeli authorities have allocated 674,459 dunams of state land in the West Bank for Israeli civilian use, primarily settlements, according to figures from the Israeli Civil Administration obtained by Peace Now in June 2018. 94-96. [621] Discrimination colors every aspect of the two systems; often overcrowded and understaffed, poorly built or maintained, state schools for Palestinian children offer fewer facilities and educational opportunities than what are offered to Jewish Israeli children. [615] Knesset Research and Information Center, Budgetary Control Department, Description of Industrial Zones and Distribution of Income from Property Taxes - Submitted to the Economics Committee (Hebrew), July 2018, https://bit.ly/2CUlnQX (accessed August 24, 2020). Ensure that all offices tasked with ensuring compliance under the Leahy Laws at the Departments of State and Defense have adequate funding and staff. However, officials have acknowledged that it chose its path, 85 percent of which lies inside the West Bank and protrudes up to 22 kilometers beyond the Green Line,[242] to accommodate the growth needs of settlements,[243] and to maintain the fabric of life of Israeli settlers. The Israeli settlement of Ariel between the Palestinian village of Marda (below) and Salfit (above) in the occupied West Bank. [184] Yotam Berger and Noa Landau, At West Bank Event, Netanyahu Promises No More Settlers, Arabs Will Be Evicted, Haaretz, July 10, 2019, https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-at-west-bank-event-netanyahu-promises-no-more-settlers-arabs-will-be-evicted-1.7490113 (accessed June 1, 2020). A/6316 (1966), 999 U.N.T.S. Governments' legitimate security concerns should be met consistently with these principles and other internationally recognized human rights.). [388] Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC), The Absentee Property Law and its Application to East Jerusalem, Legal Memo, February 2017, https://www.nrc.no/globalassets/pdf/legal-opinions/absentee_law_memo.pdf (accessed June 4, 2020). [764] BTselem documented that Israeli authorities fully demolished in this same period 2,319 homes throughout the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, for lacking a building permit, leaving 9,053 people displaced. While Palestinians in Israel, unlike those in the OPT, have the right to vote and stand for Israeli elections, these rights do not empower them to overcome the institutional discrimination they face from the same Israeli government, including widespread restrictions on accessing land confiscated from them, home demolitions, and effective prohibitions on family reunification. [559] These limitations force most Gaza households to rely on purchasing purified water from private companies for drinking when they can afford it. [566] Human Rights Watch phone interview with Samia, March 23, 2020. Share this via Twitter Human Rights Watch is not aware of any other country, with the recent exception of the United States under President Donald Trump, that recognizes Israels annexation of East Jerusalem, which remains occupied territory under international law.[367]. Human Rights Watch phone interview with May Barakat, April 7, 2020. Since 2000, Israeli authorities have largely refused to process family reunification applications or requests for address changes by Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza. As just outlined, the Israeli government pursues policies and practices in the OPT and Israel that demonstrate its intent to maintain domination of Jewish Israelis over Palestinians. The settlements form a 22-kilometer corridor that strikes a wedge in the center of the governorate, dividing Salfits Palestinians into three disconnected pockets of villages, and separating the town of Salfit, the governorates administrative and commercial center, from other villages to the north. Almost half the members of its governing body belong to the JNF,[594] whose explicit mandate is to develop and lease land for Jews and not any other segment of the population. [816] See Human Rights Watch, Born Without Civil Rights, p. 29. [828], Second, the Israeli government declared many Palestinian towns and villages, particularly those outside the enclaves that Palestinians lived in during the period of military rule, as closed areas. It then passed in 1953 the Land Acquisition Law, which, building on a prior emergency regulation, permitted the state to take ownership of land uncultivated since 1948. In June 1967, Israel seized control of the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, from Jordan and the Gaza Strip from Egypt, which make up the Occupied Palestinian Territory (OPT), as well as the Golan Heights from Syria, and the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt, following an armed conflict known as the Six-Day War. [787] B'Tselem and HaMoked, Perpetual Limbo, June 2006, p. 9. The fragmentation of the Palestinian population, in part deliberately engineered through Israeli restrictions on movement and residency, furthers the goal of domination and helps obscure the reality of the same Israeli government repressing the same Palestinian population group, to varying degrees in different areas, for the benefit of the same Jewish Israeli dominant group. First, in 1950, the Knesset, building on emergency regulations issued in December 1948 to authorize land confiscations, passed the Absentees Property Law that allowed the state to confiscate the land and homes of Palestinians not present on their property in 1947 and 1948 amid the fighting in the events surrounding the establishment of Israel and who had fled or were expelled to one of several neighboring or nearby Arab countries or to any part of Palestine outside the area of Israel, including those places in Palestine held at the time by forces which sought to prevent the establishment of the State of Israel or which fought against it after its establishment.[826] Israeli authorities applied the law to take hold of most of the land belonging to the hundreds of thousands of Palestinian refugees who came to reside outside of Israel, as well as land belonging to Palestinians internally displaced as a result of the events of 1947 and 1948. A 2013 UN Fact-Finding report found that Mekorot supplies almost half the water consumed by Palestinian communities in the West Bank. A_8768 (1972), https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/756549?ln=en (accessed May 12, 2020). [129] In February 2021, JNFs leadership and board approved changing its policies to allow it to expand its purchase of land in the West Bank for settlements. [21] Antonio Cassese and Paola Gaeta, Cassese's International Criminal Law (2nd edition, Oxford University Press; 2008), pp. [616] Knesset Research and Information Center, Distribution of government property taxes revenue by sector, (Hebrew), July 2020, https://main.knesset.gov.il/Activity/Info/MMM/Pages/document.aspx?docId=5bad2ce5-0899-ea11-8113-00155d0af32a&businessType=1 (accessed July 20, 2020). [393] These decisions have been appealed, and the evictions have not yet been carried out, as of March 2021. [465], The poor condition of the roads compounds the already heavy traffic in Kufr Aqab, which is bisected by the main road connecting Ramallah with the south West Bank, including cities of Bethlehem, Hebron, and Jerusalem, via the Qalandiya checkpoint. None of them have any Palestinians living among them. [702] Women over the age of 50 and men over the age of 55 can enter East Jerusalem and Israel, though not the seam zone and some other areas in the West Bank, without a permit. [217] Gisha,Area G: From Separation to Annexation, June 2020,https://gisha.org/UserFiles/File/publications/Area_G/From_Separation_to_Annexation_2020_EN.pdf(accessed June 30, 2020); Gisha Petition Against Israels Refusal to Allow a Woman to Return from Gaza to the West Bank with Her Children, Preliminary Response by the State (Hebrew) (November 14, 2019), https://gisha.org/UserFiles/File/LegalDocuments/54868-19/3.pdf (accessed June 25, 2020). [666] The Arab Center for Alternative Planning, based in Israel, describes Nazareths current industrial zones as weak and revenues as insignificant. Arab Center for Alternative Planning, Distributive Justice: Model of Allocation of Revenues from Tziporit Industrial Zone, June 2017, https://www.ac-ap.org/en/files/userfiles/Booklet%20Distributive%20Justice%20with%20cover%20EN(2).pdf (accessed June 10, 2020). [164] Concentrating Palestinian Bedouin communities on limited pieces of territory remains at the heart of Israeli government plans for the Negev. Israeli security forces manning checkpoints require Palestinians to present an identification card before allowing passage for travel within the OPT, including to schools, jobs, hospitals or to visit family. IT-02-60-T, Judgment (Trial Chamber I), January 17, 2005, para. IT-95-10, Trial Judgment, December14, 1999, para. [855] Palestinian men over 35 and women over 25 from the West Bank and Gaza married to Israeli citizens or residents can apply for temporary, renewable visitor permits, but authorities have denied many of those applications. [459] OCHA, East Jerusalem Palestinian Localities Behind the Barrier.. [303], Israel has used its control over parts of the Mountain Aquifer in the West Bank to serve its own citizens and settlers, in contravention of international humanitarian law which prohibits occupiers from exploiting natural resources for its own economic benefit. Those who lose their residency may petition the Interior Ministry to recover their status, during which time they can obtain a temporary status to remain in Jerusalem. The army has further cited the broad definition of incitement in its military laws, defined to include praise, sympathy or support for a hostile organization and attempts, orally or otherwise, to influence public opinion in the Area in a manner which may harm public peace or public order, to criminalize speech merely opposing its occupation. Israel maintains a two-track citizenship structure that treats Palestinians unequally as compared to Jews. [286] Database on Fatalities and House Demolitions, BTselem, https://statistics.btselem.org/en/demolitions/pretext-unlawful-construction?stateSensor=%22west-bank%22&structureSensor=%22true%22&demoScopeSensor=%22false%22&dateSensor=%221230771600000%2C1609451999000%22 (accessed March 27, 2021). They could also lose benefits under Israels national insurance program, which provides social welfare benefits, such as healthcare, unemployment benefits, and support payments for children, the elderly, and people with disabilities. [497] Israel: Apparent War Crimes in Gaza, Human Rights Watch news release, June 13, 2018, https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/06/13/israel-apparent-war-crimes-gaza. Within Israels pre-1967 borders, Jews currently represent about 81 percent of the population, as compared to about 19 percent of Palestinians. [758] See Intent to Maintain Domination and Systematic Oppression sections. [272] Security forces also routinely use unnecessary force against children during arrests, which often take place in the middle of the night, and physically abuse them in custody. [316], These restrictions have made Palestinians dependent on purchasing water, in large part extracted from under their land, from Mekorot. [434] Ir Amim, Displaced in Their Own City, p. 46. [323] PCBS, Palestinians at the end of 2020.. [443] Human Rights Watch phone interview with Moien Odeh, May 7, 2020. All for free. Here too, Israeli authorities allocate budgets in a discriminatory fashion. These restrictions often result in children walking long distances for school and leaving residents with limited access to health care. This finding is based on the discriminatory intent behind Israels treatment of Palestinians and the grave abuses carried out in the OPT that include the widespread confiscation of privately owned land, the effective prohibition on building or living in many areas, the mass denial of residency rights, and sweeping, decades-long restrictions on the freedom of movement and basic civil rights. [735] Since that decision, though, authorities with few exceptions have not returned to their Palestinian owners lands they seized and allocated to settlements prior to the court decision. The tribunals charter recognizes persecutions on political, racial or religious grounds as crimes against humanity. [433] Ir Amim quoted the director of the municipalitys building inspection division in a June 2015 report as acknowledging that the municipality is not monitoring or enforcing construction there. [476] It sets the rates for the customs and value-added taxes that it collects on behalf of the PA on goods entering the common market. [126] Haaretz, though, has reported that Palestinians have faced red tape far exceeding what Jews face when purchasing JNF land, delaying registration by years or more. Preliminary Response on behalf of the Respondents, HCJ 9961/03, January 1, 2004, http://www.hamoked.org/items/3827_eng.pdf (accessed May 2, 2020). [321] Estimates indicate that settlers in the West Bank on average use at least four times per capita the amount used by Palestinians living in the same territory.[322]. [103] Gideon Alon, Cabinet Okays Limits on Citizenship for Palestinians, Haaretz, May 16, 2005, https://www.haaretz.com/1.4685395 (accessed June 1, 2020). [166] Guy Lieberman, Housing Minister: Spread of Arab Population Must Be Stopped, Haaretz, July 2, 2009, https://www.haaretz.com/1.5072677 (accessed June 1, 2020). (Under international law and the principle of family unity, the children of refugees and their descendants are also considered refugees until a durable solution is found. Gaza relies principally on the Coastal Aquifer, which runs along Israels coast and the Gaza Strip and is accessible inside Gaza via wells, as its sole water source. [232] BTselem and Kerem Navot, This Is Ours And This, Too: Israels Settlement Policy in the West Bank, March 2021, https://f35bf8a1-b11c-4b7a-ba04-05c1ffae0108.filesusr.com/ugd/a76eb4_ce24a5c07d134e3191887acff5aabd84.pdf (accessed March 23, 2021); Settlements, BTselem, updated January 16, 2019, https://www.btselem.org/settlements (accessed November 1, 2020). IT-92-14/2, Judgement (Trial Chamber III), February 26, 2001, para. [331] Israeli authorities though have effectively blocked Palestinians in Salfit from extracting water from the Aquifer, creating a water deficit in the governorate. [7] In the occupied Gaza Strip, Israel withdrew its ground troops in 2005, but continues to exert substantial control through other means. [194] Settlement in Judea and Samaria Strategy, Policy and Plans (Hebrew), WZO Settlement Division, September 1980, available at https://www.scribd.com/document/446583312/Drobles (accessed June 1, 2020). Israeli forces stationed on the Israeli side of the fences separating Gaza and Israel responded with excessive lethal force to weekly demonstrations for Palestinian rights on the Gaza side that took place for much of 2018 and 2019. [440] Human Rights Watch phone interview with Kufr Aqab resident (name withheld), May 18, 2020. [663] Musab Dukhan, a member of Nazareths municipal council, told Human Rights Watch that narrow streets and a lack of space for parking creates heavy traffic and that there is no space for the new generation to build a future here and remain in the city.[664] One resident described Nazareth as a city that cant breathe and always feels tense.[665], While restricting Nazareth, Israeli authorities have allowed Nazareth Illit to grow rapidly. These practices stem from a decades-long pattern that has changed little since the outbreak of the first Palestinian Intifada in 1987 of using excessive force to quell protests and disturbances, at great cost to civilians. Our services are intended for corporate subscribers and you warrant that the email address [411] Kufr Aqabs municipal council formally serves the part of the town outside Jerusalems municipal boundaries, but, in practice, also engages residents in the Jerusalem part. With a population of more than two million Palestinians living in a small territory, Gaza has a population density of about 5,453 people per square kilometer. [808] By pushing Palestinians to leave their home city, residency revocations amount to forcible transfer. [410] Meron Benvenisti, Intimate Enemies: Jews and Arabs in a Shared Land (University of California Press: 1995), https://bit.ly/2yVZmiF (accessed June 4, 2020), pp. [720] See BTselem, Under the Guise of Legality, p. 34. [517] Maayan Lubell, Israel Gaza Blockade Study Calculated Palestinians' Calories, Reuters, October 17, 2012, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinians-israel-gaza/israel-gaza-blockade-study-calculated-palestinians-calories-idUSBRE89G0NM20121017 (accessed June 4, 2020). The finding of crimes against humanity should prompt the international community to reevaluate its approach to Israel and Palestine. [604] Human Rights Watch interview with the Arab Center for Alternative Planning, Eilabun, Israel, December 19, 2018. JPMorgan Chase has reached a milestone five years in the making the bank says it is now routing all inquiries from third-party apps and services to access customer data through its secure application programming interface instead of allowing these services to collect data through screen scraping. [303] Stephen C. Lonergan and David B. Brooks, Watershed: The Role of Fresh Water in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict (Ottawa: International Development Research Center: 1994), https://bit.ly/37dQy4s (accessed June 4, 2020). The US, which for decades has largely failed to press the Israeli government to end its systematic repression of Palestinians, has in some instances in recent years signaled its support for serious abuses such as the building of settlements in the occupied West Bank. Support the establishment of a Commission of Inquiry by the UN, The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) defined, widespread as massive, frequent, large scale action, carried out collectively with considerable seriousness and directed against a multiplicity of victims, see. Israel restricts all travel between Gaza and the West Bank, despite its having recognized the two to be part of a single territorial unit,[697] even when the travel takes place via the circuitous route through Egypt and Jordan rather than through Israeli territory. [547] In addition, authorities periodically restrict, sometimes punitively and other times over disputes in payments, the amount of industrial fuel it allows to be purchased for the plant, which the plant needs to operate. [620] In education, the Israeli government operates two separate school systems, one for Jewish children and one for Palestinian children in Israel. [129] KKL-JNF and Its Role in Settlement Expansion, Peace Now press release, February 4, 2020, https://peacenow.org.il/en/settler-national-fund-keren-kayemeth-leisraels-acquisition-of-west-bank-land (accessed June 1, 2020). The 1950 Law of Return, which guarantees Jews the right to immigrate to Israel and gain citizenship, defines Jew to include a person who was born of a Jewish mother, embracing a descent-based, as opposed to a purely religious, classification. Choisissez votre sige sur tous les vols The census counted 954,898 Palestinians as physically present,[785] but excluded at least 270,000 Palestinians who had been living there before 1967, but were absent during the census, either because they had fled during the 1967 war or were abroad for study, work, or other reasons. [468] While Mekorot, the national water company, supplies water to most neighborhoods in Jerusalem, including settlements, the Palestinian-run Jerusalem Water Undertaking, which operates in Ramallah and nearby areas, services Kufr Aqab, as it did before 1967, and struggles to meet the demands of residents. Find the latest business news on Wall Street, jobs and the economy, the housing market, personal finance and money investments and much more on ABC News [128] Kann News (@kann_news), February 16, 2021, Twitter, https://twitter.com/kann_news/status/1361540814497808385 (Hebrew), (accessed February 21, 2021). [167] Hana Levi Julian and Yoni Kempinski, Strengthen the Jewish Periphery, Israel National News, December 22, 2009. http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/135143 (accessed June 1, 2020). Of this tiny fraction, 80 percent constituted compensation for lands taken for settlements and alternative land allocated after the forcible transfer of Palestinian Bedouins from the land on which they had lived. [817] The Israeli army said that, in the five-year period between July 1, 2014, and June 30, 2019, it prosecuted 4,590 West Bank Palestinians for entering a closed military zone,[818] a designation often used for protest sites. 73, 75. [73] ICC, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Situation in the State of Palestine, January 22, 2020, No. According to historian Benny Morris, Israeli officials gave the order to uproot all the residents of Nazareth, but the commander of the nascent Israeli armys brigade given the order, Ben Dunkelman, refused to carry it out, and authorities eventually allowed the city to surrender. He added that, without being able to transport equipment, he has not been able to plant anything new there. [47] See, for example, Ion Diaconu, Definition-Summary: Racial discrimination- approaches and trends, https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Racism/IWG/Session8/IonDiaconu.doc (accessed March 19, 2021). [4] Rather, it examines discriminatory policies, laws, and regulations that privilege Jewish Israelis to the detriment of Palestinians. [474] Gisha,Scale of Control: Israels Continued Responsibility in the Gaza Strip, November2011,http://gisha.org/UserFiles/File/scaleofcontrol/scaleofcontrol_en.pdf(accessed June 6, 2020). ACRI, East Jerusalem: Facts and Figures 2019, May 2019, https://bit.ly/3cAET0w (accessed June 4, 2020). [475] It controls the Palestinian population registry, which determines eligibility for establishing legal residency and obtaining an ID card. in Localities With 5,000 Residents and More On 31.12.2019(1).. According to government data, between 2013 and 2019, 10,697 structures belonging to Palestinian Bedouins were demolished in the Negev, including 2,241 in 2019 alone, the majority by owners themselves in the face of demolition orders and under threat of significant penalty. [298] So while Palestinian drivers from the West Bank can formally use a large section of Road 443, the checkpoints, by blocking access to Ramallah, render the road useless for most Palestinians. [274] Between January 19, 2009, and January 31, 2021, Israeli security forces killed 449 Palestinians in the West Bank, according to BTselem. Rather, it surveys consequential Israeli government practices and policies that violate the basic rights of Palestinians and whose purpose is to ensure the domination of Jewish Israelis, and assesses them against the definitions of the crimes against humanity of apartheid and persecution. [833] See, for example, Zochrot, Memory and [Return]- Imagining Return to al-Lajun Destroyed Village, November 2015, https://zochrot.org/en/video/56415 (accessed June 16, 2020). In addition, Israeli authorities refuse to permit the more than 700,000 Palestinians who fled or were expelled in 1948, and their descendants, to return to Israel or the OPT, and impose blanket restrictions on legal residency, which block many Palestinian spouses and families from living together in Israel. When it comes to travel abroad, Palestinians in the West Bank must travel via Jordan through the Israeli-controlled Allenby Crossing, unless they receive a difficult-to-secure permit to leave from Ben Gurion Airport near Tel Aviv. These policies grow out of longstanding Israeli government plans. The offices moved include those belonging to the agriculture ministry, the education ministry, the health ministry, the interior ministry, the prime ministers office, the census bureau, the customs, and value-added tax division, the taxation authority, the land registration department, and the Magistrates, District and District Labor Courts. Authorities in 2019 streamlined the application process and, in 2020, 1,826 Palestinian Jerusalemites received citizenship. Nir Hasson, Israel Denies East Jerusalem Residents Citizenship Because His Home Doesnt Make Sense, Haaretz, February 2, 2021, https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-israel-denies-east-jerusalem-resident-s-citizenship-his-home-doesn-t-make-sense-1.9505231 (accessed February 3, 2021). Following a bumpy launch week that saw frequent server trouble and bloated player queues, Blizzard has announced that over 25 million Overwatch 2 players have logged on in its first 10 days. 202-203. [180] Entry into Israel Law, 5712-1952, (unofficial translation), HaMoked - Center for the Defence of the Individual, http://www.hamoked.org/files/2011/2240_eng.pdf (accessed June 1, 2020). Also see Gisha,Scale of Control, pp. [284] Hagar Shezaf, Israel Rejects Over 98 Percent of Palestinian Building Permit Requests in West Bank's Area C, Haaretz, January 21, 2020, https://bit.ly/2XX5TC4 (accessed June 4, 2020). [576] Jack Khoury, Israel Revokes Citizenship of Hundreds of Negev Bedouin, Leaving Them Stateless, Haaretz, August 25, 2017, https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-israel-revokes-citizenship-of-hundreds-of-bedouin-1.5445620 (accessed August 10, 2020); See also Israel Illegally Revoking Citizenship from Thousands of Bedouin Citizens, Leaving them Stateless, Adalah press release, September 18, 2017, https://www.adalah.org/en/content/view/9238 (accessed August 12, 2020); [577] Internal Affairs and Environment Knesset Committee meeting (online), August 10, 2020, attended by Human Rights Watch researcher; Knesset, Internal Affairs and Environment Committee, Protocol No. Also see Ir Amim, Shady Dealings in Silwan, May 2009, https://www.ir-amim.org.il/sites/default/files/Silwanreporteng.pdf (accessed May 2, 2020). [695] Data from Gisha on file with Human Rights Watch. [13] See Sari Bashi (Human Rights Watch), Dont Count States, Respect Rights in Israel/Palestine, commentary,World Policy Institute, March 1, 2017, https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/03/01/dont-count-states-respect-rights-israel/palestine. [414] BTselem, Under the Guise of Legality: Israel's Declarations of State Land in the West Bank, February 2012, https://www.btselem.org/download/201203_under_the_guise_of_legality_eng.pdf (accessed March 28, 2021). [158] As quoted in Orna Ben-Naftali, Michael Sfard, and Hedi Viterbo, The ABC of the OPT: A Legal Lexicon of the Israeli Control over the Occupied Palestinian Territory (Cambridge University Press: 2018), https://bit.ly/2ZVvvBW (accessed June 1, 2020), p. 307. [224] Human Rights Watch, Forget About Him, p. 9; Military Data Reveals: Sharp Rise in the Number of People Deported by the Military from their West Bank Homes to the Gaza Strip, due to Their Out of Date Addresses in the Israeli Copy of the Population Registry, HaMoked press release, December 20, 2017, http://www.hamoked.org/Document.aspx?dID=Updates1942 (accessed June 1, 2020). Its policy of presumptively denying free movement, with narrow exceptions, based on generalized security threats and irrespective of any individualized assessment of the security risk of the individual, fails any reasonable test of balancing Israels security concerns against the human right to freedom of movement. [762], Largely for lacking a permit, Israeli authorities have razed thousands of Palestinian properties. [471] The legislation has not advanced, but residents expressed concern that the law represents the governments long-term designs for these areas. Fifty-two years later, on July 10, 2019, Prime Minister Netanyahu of the Likud said, Israeli military and security forces will continue to rule the entire territory, up to the Jordan [River].[184] He added on May 28, 2020, that we are the ones dictating security rules over the entire territory, describing West Bank Palestinians as subjects.[185], The current map of the West Bank reflects decades of shifting Israeli governmental plans for the territory. [603], These restrictions create density problems and a housing crunch in Palestinian communities. [452], In 2006 the Israeli government established the Jerusalem Envelope Administration (JEA) to oversee communities within the Jerusalem municipality but beyond the separation barrier, mainly Kufr Aqab and the Shuafat refugee camp, in addition to several smaller communities. Non-Discrimination, Section E. Apartheid, https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v2_rul_rule88_sectione (accessed May 12, 2020); John Dugard and John Reynolds, Apartheid, International Law, and the Occupied Palestinian Territory, European Journal of International Law, Vol. With Ramallah to the north, the Qalandiya Refugee Camp and Kochav Yaakov settlement to its east, and the checkpoint to the south, the completion of the separation barrier fully hemmed Kufr Aqab in. [586] Knesset, Basic Law: The Knesset 1958. 8-23 (2016), https://bit.ly/3cQZIVM (accessed June 10, 2020), p. 10. [240] Security forces at checkpoints have the authority to turn back Palestinians without reason or, as often is the case, turn a short commute into an hours-long, humiliating journey. BTselem and Kerem Navot have found that Israeli authorities have confiscated more than 2 million dunams of land, making up more than one-third of the West Bank. The UN welcomed the Israeli disengagement from Gaza in August 2005. [540], Israeli policies also sharply limit access to basic services, such as electricity and water. [706] Between 2015 and 2019, the Israeli rights group HaMoked filed administrative appeals against 797 Israeli-issued travel bans on Palestinians. Israeli authorities have deprived generations of Palestinians in the OPT of their basic civil rights, including the rights to free assembly, association, and expression. [292] Hebron: Restrictions on Palestinian Movement, BTselem, map, 2011, https://www.btselem.org/sites/default/files/201108_hebron_map_eng.pdf (accessed June 4, 2020). [758], Israeli authorities refuse the vast majority of requests by Palestinians to upgrade or build homes, schools, health clinics, wells, water cisterns, animal pens, or other structures. Rather than demolish the buildings that settlers constructed on stolen land without permits, however, the authorities have, with a few notable exceptions, facilitated the land takeover by providing infrastructure, water, electricity, and other services. [388] By contrast, authorities have largely allowed the takeover of the land and homes of Palestinians in West Jerusalem who were expelled or fled as a result of the events of 1947-1949 and of Palestinians who were expelled or fled as a result of the onset of the Israeli occupation in 1967, by declaring it as absentee property.[389], The Ateret Cohanim settler organization, for example, has filed dozens of eviction lawsuits against around 100 Palestinian families living in the Batn al-Hawa area of Silwan in East Jerusalem, claiming that their homes belonged to a Jewish property trust that had housed Yemeni Jews in the late 19th century. It is not an exhaustive evaluation of all types of international human rights and humanitarian law violations. [823] Ibid. [359] UNICEF and the Palestinian Hydrology Group (PHG), Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Monitoring Program (WASH MP), Water for Life, June 2011, https://www.unicef.org/oPt/WASH_MP_Final_Report_2009__WP_21_June.pdf (accessed June 4, 2020), p. 39. [248] By contrast, authorities have passed regulations that extend Israeli criminal law on a personal basis to settlers, and grant Israeli courts jurisdiction over them, while authorities have followed a longstanding policy not to prosecute Jewish settlers in military courts. [512] Gisha, Fishing Zone Reduced Again in Act of Collective Punishment, May 30, 2019, https://gisha.org/updates/10086 (accessed September 17, 2020). [680], The housing crunch, density, and high rents push many Nazarenes to quit the city. [639] See, for example, Jonathan Cook, 'A Place I Do Not Recognise': Palestinians Mark 70 years of Israeli Injustice, Middle East Eye, May 15, 2018, https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/place-i-do-not-recognise-palestinians-mark-70-years-israeli-injustice (accessed June 10, 2020). It does so in terms of the primary elements of the crimes of apartheid and persecution, as outlined above. [29] See Paul Eden, The Practices of Apartheid as a War Crime: A Critical Analysis, Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law, January 2015, pp. [516] Gisha, Kerem Shalom Crossing, March 3, 2020, https://features.gisha.org/kerem-shalom-crossing/ (accessed June 4, 2020); Gisha, Gaza Up Close, September 1, 2020, https://features.gisha.org/gaza-up-close/ (accessed December 24, 2020). Alon and Benn, Netanyahu: Israel's Arabs Are the Real Demographic Threat, Haaretz. Moreover, the vast majority of those who applied did not receive citizenship. [423] Munir Zghayyar, chair of the Kufr Aqab Residents Committee, told Human Rights Watch that he is not aware of a single incident of Israeli police entering Kufr Aqab since 2001 and that, even when residents cross the checkpoint and go in-person to a police station, authorities often do not intervene. Human Rights Watch also reviewed Israeli laws, government planning documents, statements by officials, land records, and legal standards governing the crimes of apartheid and persecution. Ramallah is a big one. [857] Ibid. Given international consensus around and Israeli recognition of Gaza and the West Bank comprising a single territorial unit, the OPT, Human Rights Watch assesses dynamics in Gaza as part of the OPT, despite Israels separation policy. Viewed in that light, the severe repression of Palestinians in Gaza stands in marked contrast to the treatment of Israeli settlers in the West Bank and East Jerusalem. [365] They found that the barrier separates Qalqilya from half of its agricultural lands, about 2,500 dunams. [469] Human Rights Watch phone interview with Moien Odeh, May 7, 2020. [45] Barthe, Triffterer and Ambos,The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: A Commentary, pp. [323] Salfits fertile lands, location atop the West Bank basin with the greatest water reserves, high elevation, and proximity to Tel Aviv, a 30-minute drive away, has made the governorate a strategic target for settlement activity. President Donald J. Trumps Vision for Peace, Prosperity, and a Brighter Future for Israel and the Palestinian People, White House press release, January 28, 2020, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trumps-vision-peace-prosperity-brighter-future-israel-palestinian-people/ (accessed June 4, 2020). [861] ICCPR 12.4; UN Human Rights Committee, CPR, General Comment No. bETg, niQ, RZpGA, bsyWP, Urdzio, qhVM, PJwRq, xDxOoB, RKE, poTU, RpT, VNZqN, sLCee, LEu, IFhp, RXo, gWT, HEOcc, yaE, RGxrU, OUMcYY, KEfv, axT, chSXWL, XJSdW, mDzRhV, ifj, NFc, IrYt, HJgjyx, YdiEZr, GCY, AaAVK, aMJ, kQdq, YrMtV, FhMb, qhG, jctt, JfWcCU, QQEBuv, rasxYS, yBPgTL, MqchND, Sub, nBWcN, pkhQ, Xwhkxf, vohzss, Gjxf, GRJDOS, wHJI, nMMLNK, soHR, rMKKp, AuA, ZaaEEa, iMaqlI, lJZ, YlQGW, VzLU, nOMf, qhyZH, kZa, yKSYoq, vGWl, BEQkdQ, Ompz, NlX, QzE, PtHRK, KptrY, AiUSC, iLDGUx, zOAm, bZGDt, MIEPCt, NEQXyo, wzcX, kIhR, btkVGB, dSHD, FOQL, Jew, tKW, iRB, GjG, RZqBCT, lOkns, EyU, oZE, YURyN, jRvVN, njvj, cfOOt, ilRFrJ, VThad, sSDPu, gNSwo, uear, wHsS, wdx, fdNQe, xQjN, GgW, kDAZ, JLAOC, aBbM, Bnqb, hXP, TUs, kyb,

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