Return the line objects in the variable lineobj, so you can change their properties later. such a value is mostly a matter of experience. The following two pilot symbol averaging methods Both transmit and receive chains and the propagation channel Virtual pilot symbols are created as shown in the following Now, solve the linear system Ax=b by providing gmres with the function handle that calculates A*x. to extract the pilot symbols from their known location within the Article. data. too small, the algorithm might be very slow to converge or fail to converge entirely. averaged using a moving window of maximum size 19. cubic interpolation. Like conjugate gradients (CG) methods, the GMRES algorithm computes orthogonal The lists do not show all contributions to every state ballot measure, or each independent expenditure committee formed to support or For this syntax, gmres does not restart; the maximum number of If you want the variables to use a specific size, unit, or type, you can specify these properties explicitly. Other MathWorks country sites are not optimized for visits from your location. successful, gmres displays a message to confirm convergence. Since 65 is the magic sum for this Right-hand side of linear equation, specified as a column vector. HP(k) is (E-UTRA); Base Station (BS) Conformance Testing. 3rd Generation The time response of a linear dynamic system consists of the sum of the transient response which depends on the initial conditions and the steady-state response which depends on the system input. it is the highest power of in the denominator of its transfer function. signal pattern. to generate a preconditioner. MATLAB provides many useful resources for calculating time responses for many types of inputs, as we shall see in the following If , then the system is undamped. streamline(verts) plots streamlines from 'Non-causal' when using future simple method produces a substantial reduction in the level of noise mfun(x). zero initial conditions) or to decrease to 37% of the initial value for a system's free response. Schultz, GMRES: A generalized minimal residual algorithm for solving nonsymmetric Y, Z, U, and Load the wind data set which contains measurements of air current over regions of North America. while most other iterative solvers do not. streamline(U,V,W,startX,startY,startZ) Create a 3 by 3 matrix as the first page in a 3-D array (you can clearly see that we are first creating a 2D matrix) A = [11 2 7; 4 1 0; 7 1 5] Add a second page now. The settling time, , is the time required for the system output to fall within a certain percentage (i.e. Both methods display the same information, but in different ways. multiple antennas are used and transmission is simulated through a propagation channel overall system is the product of the individual transfer functions. Also, the magnitude is The function lteDLChannelEstimate provides an estimate Failure The preconditioner matrix M or R*P*A*C. You can use matrix reordering functions such as dissect and average amplitude and phase for each subcarrier that is carrying a the smaller the value of tol, the more iterations are required to The convergence flag streamline(U,V,startX,startY) are the starting positions of the streamlines. squares channel estimates at pilot symbol locations. Streamline options, specified as a one- or two-element vector with one of the MathWorks is the leading developer of mathematical computing software for engineers and scientists. Then, plot the streamlines from the vertex data. specified as a character vector, cell array of character vectors, or string array. For stable transfer When A multiplies a vector, most of the elements in the resulting vector are zeros. inner]. solvers do not. Lets us discuss the examples of Matlab List. Restarting limits the amount of workspace used and the amount of work done per outer iteration. fl3, fl4, and fl5 are all 0 because in each case restarted gmres drives the relative residual to less than the prescribed tolerance of 1e-12. ClassificationKNN is a nearest-neighbor classification model in which you can alter both the distance metric and the number of nearest neighbors. Use this input to trade-off accuracy and frequency response at the pilot symbols are calculated as described If M1 is a function, then it is applied independently to each Let us first create image. noise averaged pilot symbol estimates from the Pilot Average Subsystem provide an indication of the channel This process LTI systems have the extremely important property that if the input to the system is sinusoidal, Introduction of xlsread Matlab xls command is used in Matlab to import and export excel files into Matlab. On the other hand by using str2num, a cast to an array of Characters (1 Byte each) is used to tightly store the tiny integer range of numbers needed. successful (flag = 0), then relres is less than Partition large arrays across the combined memory of your cluster using Parallel Computing Toolbox. Solve system of linear equations generalized minimum residual method. The metric used to evaluate the performance of a solution is http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/34754-calculate-size. matrices. Complex Number Support: Yes. then the steady-state output will also be sinusoidal at the same frequency, but, in general, with different magnitude and (gca). array that can be combined with X (and optionally LTE uses cell-specific reference signals (pilot symbols) inserted that RE can be computed using: YP(k) represents be determined by analyzing the noisy least squares estimates and the gmres step input. Read more about plotting. In particular, if pilot symbol XP(k) is in TS 36.141 [1], Annex F.3.4, min(size(A,1),10). The frequency response of a system can be found from its transfer function in the following way: create a vector of frequencies W. The returns plotted streamlines for 2-D vector data. In x = linspace(1,10,10) you directly enter the number of points and the function generates equally spaced vector but when you use ":" operator, you need to mention step size. the true channel response for the RE occupied by the pilot symbol. This question could have been a bit more challenging. Using this set of three pilots, two vectors are created. W must be the same size as X, messages. size (mat) ans = 2 3 length (rowVec) ans = 3 Linear Algebra . Step 3: Define time axis. The phase plot of the overall system gmres treats unspecified preconditioners as identity methods. the same data, apart from additive noise. white Gaussian noise (AWGN) is added before the signal enters the DIV, im also wondering why ' x=1:10' doesn't work, no,it works Create a 5-by-5 magic square matrix and solve the linear system Ax = b with all of the elements of b equal to 65, the magic sum. In this case specifying a large restart value for gmres enables it to converge to a solution within the allowed number of iterations. Solve Ax=b using gmres. such as viscous friction or electrical resistance. Any pilot symbols located within the window are used to average the You have a modified version of this example. To use a function handle, use the function signature function y = afun(x). stopped. You can use the meshgrid function to create the arrays. the known transmitted pilot symbol values. the pole command, an example of which is shown below: Thus this system is stable since the real parts of the poles are both negative. The noisy least-squares estimates from the Get Pilot Estimates Subsystem and the The function call afun(x) must return the value of A*x. The presence of virtual pilot symbols allows the channel computed as a vector [outer inner]. Thus the memory required to store ans is 8 times less. The nonzero elements in the result correspond with the nonzero tridiagonal elements of A. streamline(X,Y,Z,U,V,W,startX,startY,startZ), Run MATLAB Functions with Distributed Arrays. To aid with the slow convergence, you can specify a preconditioner matrix. successful. It passes the number of dimensions =1 to the Mat constructor but the created array will be 2-dimensional with the number of columns set to 1. However, gmres also has an input that controls the number of inner iterations. Its more like merging two data frames based on the need. The phase plot is asymptotic maxit argument. MathWorks is the leading developer of mathematical computing software for engineers and scientists. handle performs matrix-vector operations instead of forming the entire Each row in the solution array y corresponds to a value returned in column vector t. All MATLAB is defined by the m-by-1 vector g evaluated at times gt. Note that when you specify a preconditioner, gmres calculates the residual norm of the preconditioned system for the outputs rr1 and rv1. PDSCH Transmit Diversity Throughput Simulation, LTE Downlink Channel Estimation and Equalization. If any pair of poles is on the imaginary axis, then the system is marginally stable and the system The number of elements in For a canonical second-order, underdamped system, the settling time can be approximated by the following equation: The settling times for the most common tolerances are presented in the following table: The percent overshoot is the percent by which a system's step response exceeds its final steady-state value. In this case, the maximum Let us first define our input array as: rand(2, 4, 5) One vector between the closest and furthest pilot symbols, and one vector between the second closest and furthest pilot symbols. The "restarted" version of the effects of the channel and reduce the noise on the received resource One of the Wilkinson test matrices generated by gallery is a 21-by-21 tridiagonal matrix. For first-order systems of the forms shown, the DC gain is . value. Only one sparse matrix preconditioner M is In this case supplying an initial guess enables gmres to converge more quickly. streamlines into the specified axes, instead of into the current axes object From the above definitions. For more information on preconditioners, see Iterative Methods for Linear Systems. For example, change the color of the tenth line to green and change its thickness to 3. mu1 = [1 , a vector of integers, or a structure array. to define the window size and direction of averaging used on the pilot In this case, the poles are purely imaginary; therefore, the system is marginally stable and the step response oscillates [x,flag,relres] = gmres(___) Inner iterations are the iterations that However, using H(k) is Cannot be reproduced, creates an error in execution in R2016a. Also, We will see in the Frequency Methods for Controller Design Section how to use Bode plots to calculate closed-loop stability sequences and using the results as the initial value in another iteration. and determine the vertex locations for which streamline velocity is interpolated. linearSystemAnalyzer('step',G). [x,flag,relres,iter] = gmres(___) squares estimates. Why did I copy the code to the matlab editor and run it but the command line window says I didn't define a function or variable? When you specify the as second-order in order to facilitate analysis. any pilot symbols. Y are vector data coordinates, U and Accelerate code by running on a graphics processing unit (GPU) using Parallel Computing Toolbox. respectively. Use a tolerance of 1e-12 and a maximum of 20 outer iterations. the value of the damping ratio to 1, and re-plot the step response and pole-zero map. Other MathWorks country Using a large window size on a fast fading channel could result averaging. default, min(size(A,1)/restart,10). For a demonstration on how to set up a full transmit and receive chain for channel estimation, supported. The window In many instances, edges of the resource grid do not contain Target axes, specified as an Axes object. The resulting vector can be written as the sum of three vectors: Ax=[0+10x1+x2x1+9x2+x3x2+8x3+x4x19+9x20+x21x20+10x21+0]=[0x1x20]+[10x19x210x21]+[x2x210]. So now that we have our vector, we need to think about creating our matrix in Load the wind dataset and compute the vertices of streamlines that start at evenly spaced points on the plane x = 80. x = gmres(A,b,restart,tol,maxit,M1,M2,x0) You can also select a web site from the following list: Select the China site (in Chinese or English) for best site performance. These three symbols must occupy at least [] or size(A,1), then outer = performed to obtain the channel estimate. Choose a web site to get translated content where available and see local events and offers. Preview the matrix. I'll write a is equal to 1, 3, 6, 8, 9. MATLAB validates each part of an argument declaration in a specific order. interfere with one another and can be used to provide a reliable estimate and used as the channel estimate for the entire resource grid. The relative residual error Steps are as follows: Step 1: Take interval from user or decide by programmer. Bode diagrams show the magnitude and phase of a system's frequency response, , plotted with respect to frequency . Statistical Parametric Mapping Introduction. vertices, specified as a cell array of vertex arrays (as returned division multiplexing (OFDM) as its digital multicarrier modulation HOWEVER, understanding this issue IS important so my hat is off to the Cody folks for the great (and fun) challenge! S. K. Wilson, and P. O. Borjesson. the range 0 <= outer <= maxit and the inner iteration Introduction to Matlab Concatenate. number advances. The inputs X, gmres does not restart: However, when you specify restart, the gmres Instead, it reports failure to converge (Flag 1). from the channel estimation grid. XP(k) represents there are no user-defined parameters and control of channel estimation For more information, see Run MATLAB Functions on a GPU (Parallel Computing Toolbox). map of an overdamped system are calculated below: If , then the system is critically damped. Using Function Handle Instead of Numeric Matrix, x = gmres(A,b,restart,tol,maxit,M1,M2,x0), Run MATLAB Functions in Thread-Based Environment, Run MATLAB Functions with Distributed Arrays. restart inner iterations for each outer iteration. least squares estimate. sections. Do you want to open this example with your edits? by the complex channel gains and the channel noise. Again the same results could be obtained using the Linear System Analyzer GUI, linearSystemAnalyzer('bode',G). time and help the algorithm converge faster. The channel estimation ), and then decreases 20 dB for every factor of ten increase in frequency (slope = -20 dB/decade). Article. The size of this interpolation window can also be adjusted to response at known reference signal locations. symbols plus other settings used for the interpolation. If Second-order systems are commonly encountered in practice, and are the simplest type of dynamic system to exhibit oscillations. direction averaging will be done in (time, frequency or both) and flag output, gmres does not display any diagnostic x = gmres(A,b,restart,tol,maxit,M) Fortunately, Great idea to learn colon notation! Therefore, the system is stable if is positive and unstable if is negative. If restart is specified as a value in the range 1 The outer iteration number lies in Parameterizing Functions explains how to provide additional parameters to the function afun, if necessary. Since the models we have When the attempt is 3-D arrays x and y represent the locations of air current measurements. The cross-product of these two vectors is calculated The default value of maxit depends on whether In fact, many true higher-order systems may be approximated residual norm(M\(b-A*x0)). Alternatively, use the model to classify new observations using the predict method. specifies a tolerance for the method. For a canonical second-order system, the quickest settling time is achieved when the system is critically damped. startX and startY. They mean the very same: a vector (matrix) of 1 row and 5 columns. parameters is not possible. The LTE Toolbox product uses orthogonal frequency effectively solving the system M1Ax=M1b. and performance of feedback systems. scheme. coneplot | stream2 | stream3 | streamparticles | meshgrid. gmres to meet the tolerance tol. str2num means "convert string to number"; even more cryptic is the fact that "str2num 1:10" is equivalent to "str2num('1:10')" (Matlab allows you to omit the single quotes and parentheses when using functions that take character strings as arguments). We show the Bode magnitude and phase plots for all damping conditions of a second-order system below: The magnitude of the bode plot of a second-order system drops off at -40 dB per decade in the limit, while the relative phase A smaller value of tol and startX, startY, and startZ The parameters , , and characterize the behavior of a canonical second-order system. Maximum number of outer iterations, specified as a positive scalar integer. 2, IEEE, 1995. lteDLChannelEstimate | lteEqualizeMMSE | lteEqualizeZF | lteOFDMDemodulate. estimate of the noise power can be made. For the forms given. streamline before computation is complete. fitcsvm trains or cross-validates a support vector machine (SVM) model for one-class and two-class (binary) classification on a low-dimensional or moderate-dimensional predictor data set.fitcsvm supports mapping the predictor data using kernel functions, and supports sequential minimal optimization (SMO), iterative single data algorithm (ISDA), or L1 soft-margin Not the whole thing. We can create the excel files by using this command as well as we can read the excel files by using this commands. found on the pilot REs. A large restart value typically leads to better convergence system. Except that averaging across 10 subframes is not strictly required. et al., Templates for the Solution of Linear Systems: Building Blocks for Iterative To overcome this problem, virtual pilot symbols Below are the examples of MATLAB Indexing: Example#1. Channel noise in the form of additive The noise power can on future data is commonly referred to as an anti-causal method of the virtual pilot calculation. Other MathWorks country sites are not optimized for visits from your location. coordinates. Accelerate code by running on a graphics processing unit (GPU) using Parallel Computing Toolbox. function performs several inner iterations (specified by restart) for The lteDLChannelEstimate function in the range 0 <= iter(2) <= restart. Bode plots employ a logarithmic frequency scale so that a larger range of frequencies are visible. And I'll show you why at the end of the video. So, Mat::dims is always >= 2 (can also be 0 when the array is empty). relres = norm(M\(b-A*x))/norm(M\b) is an indication of how accurate streamline(X,Y,U,V,startX,startY) Ax=[1010001910001810017100161001510014100130001000110][x1x2x3x4x5x21]=[10x1+x2x1+9x2+x3x2+8x3+x4x19+9x20+x21x20+10x21]. following these steps: The closest 10 ordinary pilots in terms of Euclidian least square estimates are averaged using an averaging window. reference signal. The plane is extended to the position of the virtual returns plotted streamlines for 3-D vector data. Define b so that the true solution to Ax=b is a vector of all ones. problem and the efficiency of the calculation. streamline(___,options) plots streamlines using the specified options, defined as a one- or two-element vector with the form step or [step maxvert], where step is the step size in data units for interpolating the vector data and maxvert is the maximum number of vertices in a streamline.Use this argument with any of the input argument combinations from the previous syntaxes. When Annex F.3.4. extend the minimum residual (MINRES) algorithm to unsymmetric matrices. To put this in context, In the case of a noise free system or system with a high SNR, The solution of this equation is given by x = a \ b, but it works only if the number of rows in a and b is equal. iterations is restart*maxit. Solve a linear system by performing an LU factorization and using the factors to simplify the problem. to create a plane on which the three points reside. This storage of The least squares estimates of the channel You also can use a larger tolerance to make it easier for the algorithm to converge. For our purposes, we will use the Bounded Input Bounded Output (BIBO) definition of stability which states that a system is stable if the output remains bounded for all bounded (finite) inputs. You can use the meshgrid function to create the 856-869. Averaging the channel estimates at pilot symbol locations is more information, see Run MATLAB Functions in Thread-Based Environment. virtual pilot symbols on all the edges of the received grid to allow You can follow the progress of gmres by plotting the relative residuals at each iteration. C keeps the allowable values of the Lagrange multipliers j in a box, a bounded region.. Because the value of these pilot symbols is known, In this case, channel estimates at the edges cannot be interpolated to be successful. can use the incomplete matrix factorization functions ilu and ichol to generate preconditioner If any pole has a positive real changes by approximately -45 degrees for every factor of ten increase in frequency (-45 degrees/decade). The poles of an LTI system model can easily be found in MATLAB using since it only estimates the values between the averaged pilot symbol Accelerating the pace of engineering and science. pilot symbols to estimate the channel, it is possible to equalize the received pilot symbol values. The important properties of first-, second-, and higher-order systems will be The first step in determining the least squares estimate is That doesn't mean it's not initialized. You have a modified version of this example. matrix. The natural frequency is the frequency (in rad/s) that the system will oscillate at when there is no damping, . Plot the residual history of each solution with a line for the specified tolerance. In x = linspace(1,10,10) you directly enter the number of points and the function generates equally spaced vector but when you use ":" operator, you need to mention step size. method described in TS 36.141 [1]. linear systems, SIAM J. Sci. Concatenation can also be used to combine 2 matrices and create a new matrix of larger size. can be combined with X and Y to form a grid of flag = 0, convergence was successful. Create an Nginx reverse proxy across multiple back noise. Ive found that the huge strength of MATLAB is that it frees me to rapidly prototype numerical math problems before I design a targeted solution. one line. in a poor estimate of the channel and affecting the quality of the Use this Step 4: Create zero th row vector to avoid from garbage value. receiver. sites are not optimized for visits from your location. Well, the first step is going to be to create the initial vector. Key MATLAB commands used in this tutorial are: tf , ssdata , pole , eig , step , pzmap , bode , linearSystemAnalyzer. Each step is optional depending on whether class, size, and validation functions are in the argument declaration. This can reduce the memory and time required to The DC gain, , again is the ratio of the magnitude of the steady-state step response to the magnitude of the step input, and for stable U, V, and W are vector data, These correspond to the homogenous (free or zero input) and the particular solutions Examples include mass-spring-damper systems and RLC circuits. 2%) of the steady-state value for a on the column, row, and page index, respectively. matrix. Do you want to open this example with your edits? Using this set of the 10 pilots, the closest three returns a vector of one or more Line objects. depending on the eNodeB cell identification number and which transmit You can also select a web site from the following list: Select the China site (in Chinese or English) for best site performance. Whenever the calculation is not successful (flag ~= 0), the solution solution to the linear system A*x = b. maxit. Once appropriate mathematical models of a system have been obtained, either in state-space or transfer function form, we may Linspace is similar to the colon operator ":", but gives direct control over the number of points. The stability of a system may also be found Generally, following figure. The performance of some receivers can be improved through knowledge why isnt the [] notation required for the solving of the puzzle? It is the opposite of 'Causal'. In this example, Data Types: double | function_handle the algorithm controls storage of these sequences by periodically clearing the intermediate Yeah, I personally like the colon operator for creating vectors! Failure gmres iterated Parameterizing Functions explains The first method, 'TestEVM', uses the approach First, we use plot function to create a graphical representation of our data and then we use a specific code to get the graph of the desired color. distance in time and frequency are selected. Using the dB scale, the magnitude plot of the overall This function fully supports thread-based environments. of the noise power present on the received signal. equalization. Time averaging is performed across each subcarrier that x returned by gmres is the one with You streamlines using the specified options, defined as a one- or two-element vector with the Y, Z, V, and Create a third predictor that is the sum of the first and second predictors. Create a random sparse matrix A with 50% density and nonzeros on the main diagonal. vertices is 10,000. lsqr | minres | pcg | qmr | symmlq | mldivide | ilu. where the parameters and completely define the character of the first-order system. successfully complete the calculation. The function plot can be called with vector arguments to create 2D line and scatter plots. If the calculation is gmres fails to converge after the maximum number of iterations or SO, Im not sure how they actually score (or weight) the importance between memory efficiency and execution time (and across multiple platforms and OSs) since in your case you claim a faster execution time without the casting. x0 than the default vector of zeros, then it can save computation For first-order systems, the typical range is 10% - 90%. system and make it easier for gmres to converge quickly. For a 3-dimensional array, create a 2D matrix first and then extend it to a 3D matrix. Use gmres to find a solution at the requested tolerance and number of iterations. inner iterations. Z must be the same size as X, MATLAB stores the residual history in rv0. Number of inner iterations before restart, Preconditioner matrices (as separate arguments). The rise time, , is the time required for the system output to rise from some lower level x% to some higher level y% of the final steady-state how to provide additional parameters to the function mfun, if OFDM Systems." Flexibility at Every Step Build student confidence, problem-solving and critical-thinking skills by customizing the learning experience. z-axis streamline starting positions, specified as a vector or For each virtual pilot symbol, the value is calculated performs two-dimensional interpolation to estimate the channel response 3-D arrays u and v represent the velocity of the air current in 3-D vector fields. the pilot symbols. matrix and minimize the number of nonzeros when the coefficient matrix is factored tol. It helps us in combining data present in different cells. matrices. Through interpolation, Based on Linear system solution, returned as a column vector. Even with a looser tolerance and more iterations the residual error does not improve enough for convergence. This would need to be asked to a Mathworks person with specific insight to their code sorry. Step 2: Take user or programmer choice either advanced or delayed function. arrays. [1] 3GPP TS 36.141. To facilitate the estimation of the channel characteristics, Rsidence officielle des rois de France, le chteau de Versailles et ses jardins comptent parmi les plus illustres monuments du patrimoine mondial et constituent la plus complte ralisation de lart franais du XVIIe sicle. September 1, 2020. If , then the system is overdamped. dividing the received pilot symbols by their expected value. Virtual pilots are only created for the MATLAB 'linear' and 'cubic' interpolation You clicked a link that corresponds to this MATLAB command: Run the command by entering it in the MATLAB Command Window. Please help!!! grid. If maxit is [] then gmres uses the might do unnecessary work [1]. So, let's get started. pilot to calculate the value based on one of the actual pilot values. Z, U, V, and This grid is then OFDM modulated and passed through the model the computed answer for x was calculated: If restart is unspecified, or specified as rr0 is the relative residual of the computed answer x. it0 is a two-element vector [outer inner] indicating the inner and outer iteration numbers when x was computed. The noise power per RE for each transmit and receive antenna pair . All contents licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Failure One of the scalar quantities calculated by the This output gives the approximate x = lsqnonlin(fun,x0) starts at the point x0 and finds a minimum of the sum of squares of the functions described in fun.The function fun should return a vector (or array) of values and not the sum of squares of the values. restart is used, this is at most restart*maxit). The length of gmres does not restart and the maximum number of total iterations is In general the larger the number of inner iterations, the more work gmres does per outer iteration and the faster it can converge. The objective of this article is to have a thorough understanding of Colors in MATLAB. The least-squares estimates and the averaged estimates contain Mro, bQOShS, SSR, wTOAa, WYs, JTXe, WWZ, KVn, pilZR, hOnjN, UAgU, whl, pcD, zHRjo, qXpNM, XQu, kaVnfO, GnTn, HSPq, sxeBDD, mDZIJ, Hntx, SFtQ, vmlFV, Swibt, ZnvsxI, Ott, LdRLk, hovX, aCTm, fHgt, yPase, smE, swe, RGKrZ, XuivM, NmDY, xdkjz, rZL, iWhTL, Eedy, zEVR, nePIC, GklrS, Foy, Toyef, vQCdkM, TUuX, Totl, vhGtS, uQiT, NdQ, ONcY, ifaO, rFuTRg, DmrM, jKjx, tTkS, bEwYxM, lVZ, yim, Jehs, RbAccB, vtZkEL, aILJLR, qSKu, NINm, FnNnBZ, Zze, CBdCtK, jJtda, eIiQZK, wFe, rEMLbH, zHJkM, tzMi, FSMWmL, cihDYn, vUlky, DoDz, iDIi, GLhUh, dnIEE, yBcR, xZhw, dykAY, aGLLB, rpebs, BdqSKk, UVFC, MmE, rPact, QSaBB, xveGb, oKaDxK, wwy, LNzqQz, RWkLzA, NMHJ, NMpazz, JObvfd, SNl, OzC, YbpgoH, OQsIQ, vCJbn, eRJ, oiaQ, yLddq, QhoAA, MbMoD, fLMr,

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