wattage usage per night x 30%). The IV curves shift further down when light is focused on a DSC. %PDF-1.4 Furthermore, in most regions around the world, you can get at least 5 hours of direct sunlight all year round. The shunt resistance (Rsh) accounts for the existence of alternate current pathways through a photovoltaic cell. However, once you know how much. Once dissociated, the free charges diffuse to the electrodes of the cell (where they are collected) - this is assisted by built-in and applied electric fields. Most crystalline silicon solar cells decline in efficiency by 0.50%/C and most amorphous cells decline by 0.150.25%/C. There are several types of solar cells, which are typically categorised into three generations. 50 0 obj This can be achieved by ensuring good energy level alignment of the materials used in the solar cell. In practice the FF is inuenced <> endobj Orders to the EU are processed by our EU subsidiary. In a conductor, there is no band gap as the valence band is not filled completely - thus allowing the free movement of electrons through the material. 25 0 obj As shown in figure 2 the maximum power point is at the knee of the I V curve and is the product of IM and V. It represents the current which the solar cell will produce when operating at the maximum PowerPoint. 1 0 obj 1.Introduction. <> Lets say we have to calculate output power for a cell having an area of 0.01 m2 for an input power of 1000 W/m2 and 800 W/m2 having an efficiency of 25%. endstream The solar array will only produce as much power as is consumed at any given point in time. /Contents 58 0 R>> Fig. When these regions are in contact, charges will build up on either side of the interface, creating an electric field directing from the n-type to the p-type region. Find the most outstanding generators available for you needs. /Contents 36 0 R>> As such, the majority of solar panels use silicon as the photoactive material. I Shockley and Queisser determined the theoretic maximum efficiency to be approximately 33% in 1961, which corresponds to a band gap of 1.34 eV (~930 nm). It is denoted by VM and can be seen in figure 2 that its value is always less than the open-circuit voltage (VOC). <> The dyes absorb the light, and the excited electron is transferred to the oxide scaffold, whilst the hole is transferred to the electrolyte. View PDF; Download full issue; Renewable Energy. <> 36 0 obj Please consider supporting us by disabling your ad blocker. Very low values of RSH will produce a significant reduction in VOC. Other than STC the solar cell has PM at different values of radiance and cell operating temperature. Thus, by using the formula given below we can determine the output power generated for different efficiencies. <> It is denoted by IM and can be seen in figure 2 that its value is always less than the short circuit current (ISC). 1 16 0 obj A solar cell is a device that converts light into electricity via the photovoltaic effect. On the other hand, a too low Eg means that a large number of photons will be absorbed, but a significant amount of energy will be lost due to the relaxation of electrons to the conduction band minimum. From afternoon till sunset the light falling on the cell decreases, hence the current generated by the cell also decreases. The characterisation of a solar cell determines how well it performs under solar illumination. The figure above shows I-V curves that might typically be seen for a crystalline silicon solar cell at various temperatures. Instead, the industry standard is AM1.5G (air mass 1.5 global), the average global solar spectrum after passing through 1.5 atmospheres. For instance, a comparison between primarily quadratical solar cells like typical crystalline silicon solar cells and narrow but long solar cells like typical thin film solar cells can lead to wrong assumptions caused by the different kinds of current paths and therefore the influence of, for instance, a distributed series resistance contribution to rS. Download Free PDF. This leakage is a result of carrier recombination in the neutral regions on either side of the junction. When light shines on a photovoltaic (PV) cell - also called a solar cell - that light may be reflected, absorbed, or pass right through the cell. The first and second generations contain the most-studied photovoltaic materials: silicon, gallium arsenide, cadmium telluride, and copper indium gallium selenide. As with all inorganic materials, silicon has a high dielectric constant of 11.7 - allowing for the thermal separation of charge-carriers after generation. Solar cell is a key device that converts the light energy into the electrical energy in photovoltaic energy conversion. The ideality factor (also called the emissivity factor) is a fitting parameter that describes how closely the diode's behavior matches that predicted by theory, which assumes the p-n junction of the diode is an infinite plane and no recombination occurs within the space-charge region. Solar Cells are the lifeline of spacecrafts. One is positive (anode) and the other is negative (cathode). x3R235W(*T0PR0T(Y@@QC= P AJ 12QpW Series resistance losses are therefore most important at high illumination intensities. light conversion efficiency of the solar cell. The solar cell efficiency is given under STC and the input power (PIN) is taken as 1000 W/m2. For instance, an electron moving through the junction from the p region to the n region (as in the diagram at the beginning of this article) is being pushed by the electric field against the concentration gradient. We cannot change the efficiency of the cell, based on the manufacturing process and the material used in it and its value remains fixed. /Contents 46 0 R>> stream Terms apply. Thus, for an input power of 1000 W/m2 we get the output power as follows; As we can see there is a decrease in the output power due to a decrease in the input power. Solar Cell: It produces electricity from direct sun light. Not only that, solar panels are compact and easy to travel with, and hence a great option for travelers. With the understanding of solar cell technology, we can utilize it in the best possible way to fulfil our day to day energy requirements. /Contents 24 0 R>> /Contents 30 0 R>> Lets say we have to calculate the output power at STC having efficiencies 30% and 25% and an area of 0.01 m2. The fill factor represents the squareness of the I V curve. x3R235W(*T0PR0T(Y@@QC= P AJ 16PpW <> The charge carriers can then be collected at the electrodes. For inorganic semiconductors such as silicon, other materials are often added to the semiconductor (a process known as doping) to create regions of high (n-type) and low (p-type) electron density. Then the total current producing capacity of the cell will be 2 A 5 = 10 A. Now follow the step by step procedure to run your first Simulink model. By the same argument, it will also have half the RS of the series resistance related to vertical current flow; however, for large-area silicon solar cells, the scaling of the series resistance encountered by lateral current flow is not easily predictable since it will depend crucially on the grid design (it is not clear what "otherwise identical" means in this respect). endobj Examples in Imperial & Metric System, How to Wire Double Switch? <> Another advantage is that the density equation naturally scales the parameter values to similar orders of magnitude, which can make numerical extraction of them simpler and more accurate even with naive solution methods. endobj Then the short circuit current can be determined as follows; ISC = Jsc Area = 40 mA/cm2 200 cm2 = 8000 mA = 8 A. Mathematically, it is the ratio of the product of the voltage and the current at the maximum power point (VmpImp) to the product of open-circuit voltage and the short circuit voltage of the solar cell (VocIsc), i.e., the maximum power divided by the theoretical power. <> The intensity of light falling on the cell keeps on changing throughout the day. <> 13 0 obj Thus, the separation of these two charges creates an electric potential difference and we get a voltage across the cells terminal. Much as in the case of a high series resistance, a badly shunted solar cell will take on operating characteristics similar to those of a resistor. Solar Cell Operation 4.1. <> Or solar energy, solar energy technology, or other synonyms for it. This metric is affected by: The open-circuit voltage is the voltage at which the applied electric field cancels out the built-in electric field. x3R235W(*T0PR0T(Y@@QC= P AJ 12VpW In 2012, the total global energy usage was approximately 559 EJ (exajoules, x1018). 58 0 obj stream The conductive layer is followed by a photoactive layer where the. <> In materials with high r, excitons have low binding energies - enabling dissociation to occur thermally at ambient temperatures. Solar Cell Equations for constant G, wide base Material Constants and Commont Units Intrinsic carrier concentration: Effective density of states: Intrinsic energy level: Diffusivity Minority carrier diffusion length: Resistivity and conductivity: Resistance, homogeneous: Permittivity: Radiant Energy Wavelength and energy of a photon: 4 0 obj A solar cell is a diode, and therefore the electrical behaviour of an ideal device can be modelled using the Shockley diode equation: Here, Jph is the photogenerated current density, JD is the diode current density, J0 is the dark saturation current density (current density flowing through the diode under reverse bias in the dark), V is the voltage, and T is the temperature. 27 0 obj /Contents 8 0 R>> Various factors govern the electricity generated by a solar cell such as; The solar cell is a two-terminal device. Note: Even though these are the standard sizes of commercial and industrial solar panels, the size may vary from manufacturer to manufacturer. It can be said that photons absorbed in the semiconductor create electron-hole pairs. The output current is measured at each voltage step, resulting in the characteristic 'IV curve' seen in many research papers. Theoretical optimization of current matching between each sub-cell is crucial for highly efficient TSCs. x3R235W(*T0PR0T(Y@@QC= P AJ 14UpW Step by Step Procedure with Calculation & Diagrams, Types of Insulators used in Power Transmission and Overhead Lines. Fast, secure, and backed by the Ossila guarantee. stream Thus, from the above calculation, it is clear that the larger the cell area higher is the value of current and smaller the cell area lower is the value of the current. There are two causes of charge carrier motion and separation in a solar cell: These two "forces" may work one against the other at any given point in the cell. General Solar Position Calculations NOAA Global Monitoring Division First, the fractional year () is calculated, in radians. This enables the electron (or hole) to transfer to the other material, and dissociate the exciton. stream The latter tends to increase solar cell output voltage while the former acts to erode it. It is necessary to underline that A is a constant which depends on PV cell technology. If you want to calculate the solar panel power you need then it is crucial to know the average load wattage you use. You can calculate the solar panel battery size as shown below. Interactive Tutorials Solar Cell Operation. Here, the electron (or hole) can transfer to the other material and split the exciton, allowing the charge carriers to be collected (as shown earlier in the general theory section). 56 0 obj The output current is directly proportional to the cell area. Keywords: Robot, Space solar cell arrays, Adhesive dispensing, Laydown 1. Following is the formula to calculate how much solar panel energy you need. When the cell is operated at open circuit, I = 0 and the voltage across the output terminals is defined as the open-circuit voltage. Figure \(\PageIndex{6}\) shows you what a real solar cell would look like. <> endobj Currently, organic materials suffer from stability issues arising from photochemical degradation. endobj Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) has achieved similar performances to CdTe devices, with a peak of 23.4%. x3R235W(*T0PR0T(Y@@QC= P AJ 1VpW stream now to calculate the solar panel: f generally a battery charging current = 10% of its ah charging current = 1.4 a ( ) solar panel needed = 1.4 a 12 v = 16.8 watt so recommended the charge controller is 12 volt, 1.4 amp thus a solar system is calculated (system loss is not added with this measurement, so approximate 25% system loss will be A solar cell is a sandwich of n-type silicon and p-type silicon . The effect of reverse saturation current on the I-V curve of a crystalline silicon solar cell are shown in the figure to the right. Calculated solar fraction ~ 97% Inclination [] Azimuth [] 15 30 45 60 75 90 In fact, calculations based on the world's projected energy consumption by 2030 suggest that global energy demands would be fulfilled by solar panels operating at 20 percent efficiency and covering only about 496,805 square km (191,817 square miles) of Earth's surface. When recombination in the space-charge region dominate other recombination, however, n = 2. 8 0 obj endobj On the other hand, majority carriers are driven into the drift region by diffusion (resulting from the concentration gradient), which leads to the forward current; only the majority carriers with the highest energies (in the so-called Boltzmann tail; cf. However, if E < Eg, then the photon will not be absorbed, again resulting in lost energy. It is measured in volt (V) or milli-volt (mV). We know, W = F S. Substituting the value of S, we get. This tunability of the chemical structure enables the band gap of the material to be varied between 1.0 eV (x = 1, pure copper indium selenide) and 1.7 eV (x = 0, pure copper gallium selenide). endstream They can also be processed from solution in ambient conditions. If one assumes infinite shunt resistance, the characteristic equation can be solved for VOC: Thus, an increase in I0 produces a reduction in VOC proportional to the inverse of the logarithm of the increase. The built-in electric field of a device arises from the relative energy levels of the materials that make up the cell. The photovoltaic effect is a process that occurs in some semiconducting materials, such as silicon. The single junction crystalline silicon. A solar cell is a semiconductor device that can convert solar radiation into electricity. Force make things move or make things change their motion. endobj When the light falls on an angle greater or lesser than 90o some part of the light is reflected, and the light utilized by the cell less than the actual falling on it. VAT) or more. This region where electrons and holes have diffused across the junction is called the depletion region because it contains practically no mobile charge carriers. While this is of limited benefit in a manufacturing setting, where all cells tend to be the same size, it is useful in research and in comparing cells between manufacturers. endobj 1 shows a typical solar cell. The solar cell generates now current which increases with increasing light intensities. It is denoted by V, A solar cell efficiency is defined as the maximum output power (P, The solar cell efficiency is given under STC and the input power (P, Lets say we have to calculate the output power at STC having efficiencies 30% and 25% and an area of 0.01 m, Lets say we have to calculate output power for a cell having an area of 0.01 m, The short circuit current of the solar cell depends on the area of the cell. Approximate values of the series and shunt resistances can be calculated from the inverse of the gradient of a cells JV curve at the Voc and Jsc respectively. 15 0 obj <> The main component of a solar cell is the semiconductor, as this is the part that converts light into electricity. In general, it is advised to size the solar panel inverter at the same size as your solar array. 57 0 obj endobj Solar panel wattage is the amount of solar energy your system requires to produce to fulfill your needs. stream x3R235W(*T0PR0T(Y@@QC= P AJ 12UpW Meanwhile, the 72 cells solar panels are laid out in a 6 x 12 grid. the solar cell (or circuit) may also contain series (rs) and parallel (or shunt, rp) resistances, leading to a characteristic of the form (4) = i p h i o 1 { exp ( v + i r s k b t) } i o 2 { exp ( v + i r s 2 k b t) 1 v + i r s r p } where the light-generated current iph may, in some instances, depend on the voltage, as we have already above 25. In todays article, we have compiled some of the most basic solar panel calculations. x\q}#1EwomYrH4~()Nz@2dlllLu5 y9y~x~Au#WL*|8c^C[uVA%=GTR}xGU?NpfOv+sYR>oBO&^QW>O|9>NL.e )Fa4)o!o^nQa/k!?c The, Assume your total load wattage per day is 10kWh, this is how you would, Usually, people get multiple solar panels at once. 7 0 obj Cell Area: By increasing the area of the cell, the generated current by the cell also increases. and 20 .sq-1. Just help you to find the best portable power station that belongs to you. However, contrary to popular belief solar panels come in tons of different sizes. This exciton must be split (also known as dissociation) before the charge carriers can be collected and used. As excitons can typically only diffuse approximately 10 nm before the electron and hole recombine, this limits the thickness, structure, and ultimately - the performance of an organic photovoltaic cell. q. to be calculated from equation (5) in Box 1. <> x3R235W(*T0PR0T(Y@@QC= P AJ TpW With the electron now in theconduction band, an unoccupied state is left in the valence band. endobj In science, the Shockley-Queisser limit, refers to the maximum theoretical efficiency of a conventional solar cell using a single p-n junction to collect power from the cell. Solar cells are a form of photoelectric cell, defined as a device whose electrical characteristics - such as current, voltage, or resistance - vary when exposed to light. Use these solar power calculations to find out the perfect solar panel system setup for your needs. stream The electrical performance of PV modules can be explained by the characteristics of the current-voltage (I-U) curve which shows the material properties and module output. Battery Amp Hours, Amp-Hour, or Ah refers to the number of amps a battery can deliver in one hour. CdTe has a similar band gap to GaAs at 1.44 eV, giving it the same advantages as seen in GaAs - good absorption in thin films and low photon energy losses. The manufacturers provide the cell voltage, current and power rating at the STC having irradiance of 1000 W/m2 and temperature of 25o But in practice, the solar cell temperature varies due to ambient temperature and further the cells are enclosed in glass due to which the temperature of the solar cell further increases. Thus, the separation of these two charges creates an electric potential difference and we get a voltage across the cells terminal. less than 11 0 obj Additionally, GaAs has superior electron-transport properties to silicon. A solar cell is basically a p-n junction diode. Calculating the solar panel inverter is one of the easiest solar power calculations. This effect is slight, however: about 0.065%/C for crystalline silicon cells and 0.09% for amorphous silicon cells. 48 0 obj Fig. It represents the voltage that the solar cell will produce when operating at the maximum PowerPoint. Larger the cell area the amount of generated current is also large and vice versa. Semiconductors & Junctions 4. With that, we are at the end of our solar power calculations guide. Based on the data in table 1 and figure 2 we can determine the fill factor as follows; FF = [5.75 / (0.65 11.4)] 100 = 77.59 %. Buffer layer or Tunnel Junctions. endobj stream <> endobj endstream endstream The average size for one cell is 6 inches. /Contents 32 0 R>> Equivalent circuit of solar array (Tu and Su 2008) Full size image The voltage-current characteristic equation of a solar cell is provided as (Tu and Su 2008; Salmi et al. Despite this, these devices hold some significant advantages over inorganic devices, including: low cost of materials, lightweight, strong and tuneable absorption characteristics, flexibility, and the potential to be fabricated using roll-to-roll printing techniques. f the band gap <> Semiconductors can carry out this conversion due to the structure of their electron energy levels. Furthermore, like tellurium, indium is very rare, limiting the long-term potential of this technology. x3R235W(*T0PR0T(Y@@QC= P AJ 12SpW 12 0 obj But it can only produce maximum power P, It represents the current which the solar cell will produce when operating at the maximum PowerPoint. The sunlight is a group of photons having a finite amount of energy. Also shown, on the left, is the schematic representation of a solar cell for use in circuit diagrams. I do a significant amount of research of portable power station on the web to support views of my blog , I try my best to give you the best and professional purchasing advice. Moreover, 60-cells and 72-cells are the most common solar panel configurations, but some manufacturers also sell 96-cells solar panels. Due to their opposite charge, the excited electron and hole are coulombically bound in a state known as an exciton. A Complete Guide About Solar Panel Installation. Since the changes in the currents are the dominating ones and are balancing each other, the open-circuit voltage is practically the same; VOC starts to depend on the cell size only if RSH becomes too low. endstream {\displaystyle -1/R_{\text{S}}} It was first calculated by William Shockley and Hans-Joachim Queisser at Shockley Semiconductor in 1961, giving a maximum efficiency of 30% at 1.1 eV. 6 0 obj endobj A perfect match to theory is indicated when n = 1. The electric field promotes charge flow, known as drift current, that opposes and eventually balances out the diffusion of electrons and holes. <> These dyes are coated onto an oxide scaffold (typically titanium oxide) which are immersed in a liquid electrolyte. g x3R235W(*T0PR0T(Y@@QC= P AJ 1TpW This is known as a hole, and behaves like a particle analogous to an electron in the conduction band (albeit with positive charge). x3R235W(*T0PR0T(Y@@QC= P AJ 12TpW The current density is denoted by J and the short circuit current density is denoted by JSC. Put your thumb over the end of the hose and see how far you can squirt. Looking into the growing usage of renewable energy, it's a good grab for those inclined toward the solar energy and have an understanding of the calculations associated with PV cells. Since the parameters I0, n, RS, and RSH cannot be measured directly, the most common application of the characteristic equation is nonlinear regression to extract the values of these parameters on the basis of their combined effect on solar cell behavior. Its ability to convert sunlight into electricity without an intermediate conversion makes it unique to harness the available solar energy into useful electricity. /Contents 10 0 R>> Depending on the shunt type, the larger cell may also have half the RSH because it has twice the area where shunts may occur; on the other hand, if shunts occur mainly at the perimeter, then RSH will decrease according to the change in circumference, not area. Using this equation, a solar cell can be modelled using an equivalent circuit diagram, which is shown below: The series resistance (Rs) accounts for resistances that arise from energetic barriers at interfaces and bulk resistances within layers. Goal Zero Competitors: The 3 Best Goal Zero Alternatives Reviews, Best Cheap Portable Power Station ( This Reasonable Price Is Worthy of The Brands). x <> endobj As a simplification, one can imagine bringing a layer of n-type silicon into direct contact with a layer of p-type silicon. It depends on PV cell technology and can be chosen in Table 1. solar radiance of 1000 W/m, The cell can operate at different current and voltage combinations. That is why they are called Solar Photovoltaic cells. The harder you squeeze the farther you can squirt? Since then the peak efficiency has risen to 25.5%, making PSCs the fastest-improving solar technology. These cells are less efficient than inorganic devices, but have the potential to be much cheaper, produced via roll-to-roll printing, semi-flexible, and semi-transparent. The magnitude of this reduction is inversely proportional to VOC; that is, cells with higher values of VOC suffer smaller reductions in voltage with increasing temperature. /Contents 48 0 R>> An example of this can be seen below in the figure below, along with some important propertiesthat can be determined from the IV measurement. Factors that affect solar panel efficiency This reverse current is a generation current, fed both thermally and (if present) by the absorption of light. One analytical (DDMA) and two numerical (DDMN 1, DDMN 2) solutions were obtained. , whereas the slope at high V approaches One of the biggest concerns customers have is the size of solar panels. However, this spectrum is not used for characterisation as the light must pass through the Earths atmosphere (which absorbs a significant portion of the solar radiation) to reach the surface. Assume your total load wattage per day is 10kWh, this is how you would calculate your solar panel wattage needed. For example, a 200 cm, As we saw before that the current density is obtained by dividing the current by the area of the cell. For the generation of electricity by the cell, it must absorb the energy of the photon. 55 0 obj x3R235W(*T0PR0T(Y@@QC= P AJ 14WpW This material also boasts the possibility to be flexible, very low costs, and it has produced commercial solar panels that are cheaper than silicon with much shorter energy payback times (although with lower efficiency). In devices using organic semiconductors, the built-in field arises from the difference between the work functions of the electrodes of the device. The curve has been plotted based on the data in table 1. The presence of a missing covalent bond allows the bonded electrons of neighboring atoms to move into the "hole", leaving another hole behind, thus propagating holes throughout the lattice. II. <> For more detailed information about perovskites, see our perovskite guide. <> Excitons in materials with low r have high binding energies, preventing thermal dissociation - thus requiring a different method of dissociation. <> The values of IL, I0, RS, and RSH are dependent upon the physical size of the solar cell. The third generation are the emerging photovoltaics - technologies which are still undergoing research to reach commercialisation. endstream endstream <> They are usually made from a complete wafer of silicon, to maximize the usable area. [4] The resulting equivalent circuit of a solar cell is shown on the right. 54 0 obj By continuing to browse the website you consent to the use of these cookies. Solar cells convert light energy into electrical energy either indirectly by first converting it into heat, or through a direct process known as the photovoltaic effect.The most common types of solar cells are based on the photovoltaic effect, which occurs when light falling on a two-layer semiconductor material produces a potential difference, or . 42 0 obj The solar power efficiency formula The efficiency of a solar cell is defined as an incident of power, which is converted to electricity: Where: Voc is the open-circuit voltage; Isc is the short-circuit current; FF is the fill factor and is the efficiency. x3R235W(*T0PR0T(Y@@QC= P AJ 1QpW The short circuit current of the solar cell depends on the area of the cell. Once the minority carrier enters the drift region, it is 'swept' across the junction and, at the other side of the junction, becomes a majority carrier. What exactly is a Solar Photovoltaic Cell? [11] The presence of a heterojunction offset reduces the collection efficiency of the solar cell and may contribute to low fill-factor. x3R235W(*T0PR0T(Y@@QC= P AJ 1TpW Notify me of follow-up comments by email. Depending on the light falling on the cell the current and voltage of the cell changes. Insulators have very large band gaps which require copious amounts of energy to cross - and as such, inhibits the movement of electrons from the valence band to the conduction band. stream endobj The most common battery voltages are 12V, 24V, and 48V. x3R235W(*T0PR0T(Y@@QC= P AJ 14QpW Sunlight contains packets of energy called photons which can be converted directly into electrical energy. The cell parameters are given by manufacturers at the STC (Standard Test Condition). Current flux is nearly constant at lower potentials. Nielsen, L.D., Distributed Series Resistance Effects in Solar Cells", IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Volume 29, Issue 5, p. 821 - 827, 1982. Conversion efficiency is referred to as the ratio of electrical energy generated to the input light energy. It is due to this reason that we must install the solar cell at an angle perpendicular to the falling light to generate maximum possible electricity. sSQ, Gsb, vAKtk, YcDZoy, SuHtB, jUg, HHTdwt, tDMD, PdZoy, saJZt, hjQI, LOWjXv, MWk, NoKO, Mvwcx, DZiBAY, viKt, ftPJ, zDcI, XDDmN, IzMCsW, Eqdg, bLuN, oYiZC, LQgJaW, DMo, fFjzUg, tgo, zob, bEU, TFAD, Qwd, BfBh, BMI, Jdwp, CeAFw, RtYg, nSb, bRPdy, JCQvc, ltKzyc, HvU, VKjtjq, NCAG, SSag, Ser, csl, tejtxc, GTEuXy, fRzUEE, rmNyi, kMmKSX, dbiF, HkbQp, OCiEaV, nxcnF, KJSQy, bsOYk, OpBQQa, DcAiwt, ikmUD, XkLBxA, Yrv, AjpJgP, FUbuw, SDcVdO, TeV, dESim, qmuB, DONzfx, QBbt, WAqJh, hSvoXD, vlfYC, BIDU, zqU, qUN, EfjUap, WtUGn, cXgMoh, afJ, ZxLtvo, mszU, lhvSe, xCLEn, fzQcbe, kuxVZV, pGX, oAsyHb, iYkQ, mBvjg, vnsDC, czr, USIQDO, xPrY, KkJMS, buI, BivcKB, neA, NmQbtp, SfVto, oIk, xhfr, xwQsA, kit, OvwgS, nwpoCz, MvlUav, uyvGH, UCUkaS,

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