The English conquerors suppressed the native language and religion in those Celtic lands. The previous example illustrates how difficult it is to define or identify a person's ethnicity, which is why many demographers and government institutions use broad categories. There are many different ethnic groups and cultures around the world, many of which are built around different aspects of a shared culture. When two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities. World History and Geography: Modern Times, Write your own definition of the term. A group of people who share a common race, religion, language, or other characteristic. Ethnicity. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. However, many othergroups also make North Africa their home, and the population of SUDANis especially diverse. Forced assimilation was imposed in early modern times by the English conquerors, themselves an amalgam of Saxon and Norman elements, when they suppressed the native language and religion in the Celtic lands of Wales, Scotland, and Ireland. Ethnic Identity Development & Examples | What is Ethnic Identity? Despite its great diversity, theArab population of North Africa is unified to some extent by shared language,religion, and culture. The closest, innermost layer comes from local identity,based on a person's clan or village or other place of origin. We hope you and your family enjoy the NEW Britannica Kids. The shelves were under a meter high and often the enslaved Africans could not sit up. When France and Great Britain explored and colonized westernAfrica, their missionaries, administrators, and social scientists looked forfixed ethnic categories. Today Nubians, a non-Arab Muslim group in southernEgypt and northern Sudan, speak several languages including Arabic. London: SAGE, 1997. A concept that is often very difficult to describe, ethnicity is a person's ancestry and cultural heritage. By continuing to use this site, you consent to the terms of our cookie policy, which can be found in our. Study this lesson on ethnic groups, then use what you've learned to: To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Create a poster, chart, or some other type of graphic organizer that describes the characteristics of an ethnicity of your choice. However, ethnic identitycan also benefit less favored groups by promoting a sense of unity andpride and giving them political influence. Ethnicity. In The Dictionary of Human Geography. North Africa has less ethnic diversity than other regions of the continent. Sudan is a diverse and divided country. Even so, Arab geographers made distinctions between Arab andAfrican regions, which they called white countries and black countries. Politicians and ethnic leaderswith varying interests have tried various approaches, including sponsoringethnic festivals and associations, working to define the historiesand folklore of ethnic groups, and calling for the return of traditionalleadership. Using literature as the medium in which to trace the history and evolution of ethnicity in America, this text provides compelling arguments as to the usefulness (or not) of this often controversial topic. In each of these texts, a thorough history and evolution of ethnicity is described in the introduction. When they fail, individuals may tryto move into more favored groups by changing their dress, language, orname. Social Geography: New Religions and EthnoburbsContrasts with Cultural Geography. Progress in Human Geography 26.2 (2002): 252260. The Beja are livestock herders who live in the hilly country east of theNile River in Egypt and Sudan. Local groups or district groups may merge into a larger group across anation or region. Some ofthe largest ethnic groups cross national and regional boundaries, butthey share similar cultural features, languages, or religious practices thatallow them to think of themselves as connected. Facilities for African Americans were consistently inferior and underfunded compared to those available to European Americans; sometimes they did not exist at all. Ethnic identity in Africa is asrichly diverse as its people, and for most Africans it plays a central rolein politics and social life. More people have gone tolive and work in the cities, where different ethnic groups intermarry,share cultures, and create new styles. For example, in the United States, a Mexican-American's ethnicity might be referred to as Hispanic or Latino, which generally describes their race or ancestral language, not their ethnicity. Original ethnic groups such as the Nubians and Beja remain. For example: Kurds and Palestinians. A group who share a common identity. Captives from different nations were mixed together, so it was more difficult for them to talk and plan rebellions. While Williams 1985 emphasizes the changing nature of ethnicitys meaning contextually over time, Hiebert 2009 outlines the important transitions and controversies that surround the study of ethnicity within geography. As one of the largest ethnic groups, these individuals share the Arabic languages, are largely Muslim, and practice many of the same traditions. Other distinctions existed as well. Why? When the central government relinquishes power and autonomy to local and regional governments, which happens at the expense of the central government. During the 1970s Ugandan leader Idi AMIN DADA took advantageof these sharp divisions by explaining his government's failures asthe treachery of one ethnic group after another. Application: An When real estate agents convinced white homeowners living near a black area to sell their homes at low prices, preying on fears of the integration of black families and declining property values. The country'slargest non-Arab population group is probably the Dinka, who livealong the southern Nile. The conference ushered in a period of heightened colonial activity by European powers, which eliminated or overrode most existing forms of African autonomy and self-governance. 25 chapters | Christian missionaries reinforced this colonial concept as they choselocal languages for education and Bible translation and created a structurefor the churches' own administrative units. When the stock market crashes, what influence does it have on investment, consumption, and aggregate demand? Even where more democratic governments exist, supportfor political parties tends to follow ethnic or regional lines. A form of prejudice or stereotyping that assumes the superiority of one's OWN CULTURE or ETHNIC GROUP, believing other ethnicities to be inferior. Nation-states have traditionally been uneasy with ethnic diversity. The main goal of a nation-state is political unity, which people tend to link with social unity. You could not be signed in, please check and try again. Ethnicity. Those that are ethnically Scottish are bonded through similar aspects of their heritage, including Celtic language and Catholic religion. Another, less stable federal pluralism is found in Canada, where the French Catholic province of Quebec is increasingly assertive about its desire for complete independence and forced acculturation of its own ethnic minorities. In religious studies, an ethnic religion is a religion.Religions or beliefs are often associated with a particular ethnic group.When this happens, it becomes known as an "Ethnic religion. Nation-states have often attempted to eliminate or expel certain ethnic groups. Inancient times, the Egyptians knew the land of NUBIA as a source of richgold mines. Rethinking Ethnicity: Arguments and Explorations. Ethnicity. In Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society. Ethnic Groups in America Map & Examples | What is the Racial Makeup of the United States? Its chief historic significance has been and remains its relationship to the nation-state, whose primary goal is political unity, which tends to be identified with social unity. There could be up to more than six hundred enslaved people on each ship. Omissions? Get unlimited access to over 84,000 lessons. Definition of ethnic province in geography? They pepper large areas of rural North America. People belonging to the same race are said to possess inherited physical and behavioral differences (though genetic studies have shown that there is no scientific basis for dividing people into races). Enacted after the Reconstruction period, these laws continued in force until 1965, ending with the Civil Rights Act. Ethnic groups are drawn to these communities because they provide isolated community where their culture can flourish. Kenya'sborders with Tanzania, ETHIOPIA, Sudan, and SOMALIA also disregardedethnic relationships. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Initially encapsulating essentialized notions of place attachment (territoriality) stemming from social Darwinism and environmental determinism, the meaning and use of ethnicity evolved into more of a socially constructed concept, replacing the politically loaded and controversial term race following the Second World War. A comprehensive and generalized text on the concept of ethnicity that includes many of the important topics of study within ethnic studies, including race and ethnicity, migration, and nationalism. Involves more than physical characteristics associated with race; also includes a person's perceived social and cultural identity. Updated on January 26, 2018. Although most of the members of this larger group donot know each other, they may see themselves as having more in commonwith each other than with people of other ethnic groups. By the mid-20th century, ethnicity was used as a way to describe group identity based on a sharing of beliefs, norms, traditions, and practices. However, traces ofcolonial practices remain. **Sticker price**. This name once referred to only one of themany ethnic groups in northeastern Zambia. In this precolonialperiod, cultures emerged and mixed as peoples moved about and invadedeach other's lands. In western Africa, however, European colonial powersmade ethnic categories more rigid than they had been before. Please subscribe or login. In another country, that same person's ethnicity might be described as Mexican, referring to their culture and heritage. A large territory, urban or rural, dominated by or closely associated with a single ethnic group. A small geographic area that could not successfully be organized into one or more stable states because it was inhabited by many ethnicities with complex, long-standing antagonisms toward each other. Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions. Some of the ethnic groups in Europe are as follows:Indo-EuropeanTurkicFinno-UgricCaucasianBasqueSemiticMongolic For example, if an American is of European ancestry, they might identify their ethnicity by specific European countries (i.e., Poland). Both the Nuer and the Dinka of southern Sudan call themselves bynames that mean people. The general term for many of the peoples ofeastern Africa is BANTU, which is a family of languages but also meanspeople.. Ethnicity is one of the longest lasting and most powerful types of group identities. Colonization was not just a temporary phase. In the 1950s the European population of North Africa numberedabout 2 million. For many years, ethnic identity in southern Africa was shaped byAPARTHEID, the policy of racial segregation that the white government ofSOUTH AFRICA adopted to maintain control over the indigenous population. Some strands can be traced back to the centuries beforeEuropeans conquered Africa and ruled it as colonies. Ex: Quebec has a had referendums (votes) on whether to separate from Canada. Berber groups include the Rif, theKabyle, and the desert-dwelling TUAREG. Ethnic cleansing is the attempt to get rid ofthrough deportation, displacement or even mass killingmembers of an unwanted ethnic group in order to establish an ethnically Africa becomes entirely divided amongst European countries, with the exception of Ethiopia and Liberia. Over the centuries,many of them also adopted the Arabic language and marriedArabs. This text is an overview of the anthropological perspective of ethnicity, and of the primary controversies that surround the concept. Whether imposed from outside or claimed asone's own, ethnicity divides people into categories. This diversity is often the result of political conquests and migrations over time. https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/ethnic-group/632490 It can lead to the destabilization of provinces, countries, and, in some cases, even whole regions. Is the Ashanti an ethnic group or religious group? Some people believe that as theracist structure of South Africa has been dismantled, more authenticforms of ethnicity have emerged. 3 \times 3 Yet ethnic identity can inspirepride and hope and unite people in groups for effective political andsocial action. His series of articles within the journal Progress in Human Geography is important for geographers, as it provides a number of important contributors and governing themes in ethnic studies. This tragedy continues to be felt throughout the region. One of the most common ethnicities that you've probably heard mentioned is Arab, which refers to people from western Asia and northern Africa. But it is also always changing and adapting to new circumstances. For the purposes of this list, an ethnic slur is a term designed to insult others on the basis of race, ethnicity, or nationality. Arabs outnumber Berbers in the region as a whole and within eachcountry. New York: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional. 2d ed. Ethnic diversity is one form of the social complexity found in most contemporary societies. Notable examples of ethnic conflicts from the late 20th and early 21st centuries include those in the Balkans, Rwanda, Iraq, Indonesia, India, and the Darfur region of Sudan, as well as in Israel, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip. This is The region, rather than the individual ethnic group, also shapes politicsin central Africa. 485 lessons, {{courseNav.course.topics.length}} chapters | The states and borders that the colonial powers put inplace are weakening as new social structures and new relations amongethnic groups come into existence. The term ethnicities is more broadly defined as large groups of people classed according to common racial, national, tribal, religious, linguistic, or cultural origin or Like western Africa, eastern Africa today shows the political and socialeffects of colonial rule, which imposed artificial divisions on ethnicgroups. The word ethnicity is derived from the Greek word ethnikos, referring to a heathen. Hiebert, Daniel. In southern Africa duringcolonial times, many indigenous groups were united in their oppositionto foreign rule and tended to overlook their own differences. The first ethnic group to establish cultural norms in an area. Turkey controlled most of North Africafor several hundred years, followed by French, British, and Italiancolonies. A unifying characteristic that binds a state together, such as a common language, religion, nationality, or ethnicity. The question of how to balance ethnic and national identity will likelyremain a central issue of political life throughout the African continent. Weve been busy, working hard to bring you new features and an updated design. Trade, war, and politics brought ethnic groups into contact and evensome forms of unity. Ethnicity. We develop a Another way of dealing with ethnic diversity, one that holds more promise for the future, is the development of some form of pluralism, which usually rests on a combination of toleration, interdependence, and separatism. Ethnocentrism. ethnic group - people of the same race or nationality who share a distinctive culture ethnos group, grouping - any number of entities (members) considered as a unit ethnic Ethnicity Overview & Characteristics | What is an Ethnic Group? Albania's attempt to annex Kosovo, joining all ethnic Albanians in the 1990s. After the Arab conquest, NorthAfrica fell to other foreign powers. Ethnic is one such word, along with race, that has a complex and controversial meaning. This is similar to the Romani, who originated in northern India but have since identified with no specific ancestral homeland. and religions. Jenkins, Richard. Small dots in the rural countryside, usually occupying an area smaller than a county and serving as home to several hundred to several thousand people. Assimilation is a process in which individuals or groups of differing ethnicity are absorbed into the dominant culture of a societythough not always completely. The Berbers were the ancient inhabitants ofNorth Africa. One represented the Ganda, while the second had members from manyof the country's other ethnic groups. ethnic group, a social group or category of the population that, in a larger society, is set apart and bound together by common ties of race, language, nationality, or culture. The complete blending of an ethnic group with the host culture, resulting in the loss of many distinctive ethnic traits. In Kenya, for example,the Nandi, Turkana, and Pokot peoples allied themselves under thename Kalenjin. In this context, Peach 2002 provides a number of the more recent themes and controversies, along with influential publications, that demonstrate how the concept of ethnicity is adopted within geography. The rest of this article discusses patterns of ethnicity and ethnicgroups of Africa by region. These communities provide many benefits for ethnic minorities, such as a common use of their native language, nearby kin, stores and services reflecting cultural taste/preference, and religious institutions. The voyage took three to four months and, during this time, the enslaved people mostly lay chained in rows on the floor of the hold or on shelves that ran around the inside of the ships' hulls. A notable example is the Nazi policy against Jews in the Holocaust during World War II. 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Vocabulary. Western Africa didnot return to its precolonial state after independence. The pluralist movement, beginning in the 1960s in Anglo-American discourse, recast ethnicity as a way to reinforce minority rights and equality, a movement that promoted difference in hopes of thwarting discrimination. Assimilation theories dominated the social sciences in the United States from the 1930s through the 1960s, while strands of biological inheritance and race remained debatable within ethnic studies. A trade pattern during the 17th and 18th centuries in which European ships transported slaves from Africa to the Caribbean Islands, South America, and southern North America (middle passage), sugar, molasses, and other raw materials to Europe, and manufactured trade goods, such as rum, cloth, and guns to Africa. When that is considered in the context of your nationality and race, it could be a strong indicator of your ethnicity. adjective. In ZAMBIA this process has given rise to mega-ethnicgroups such as the Bemba. Conflict among ethnic groups lies at the root of many civil wars inAfricasometimes on a horrifying scale, such as the genocidal violencethat flared in RWANDA in the mid-1990s. Britannica does not review the converted text. Fenton, Steve. After World War II the rising tide of democratic aspirations among the colonial peoples of Asia and Africa led to the breakup of empires established by European conquerors, sometimes in areas of enormous ethnic complexity, without regard to ethnic considerations. ""Ethnic Religions"s are contradictory to universal religions, such as Christianity or Islam, because gaining converts is a not a primary objective and, the religion, is limited to ethnic, This practice wasno more accurate or effective in central Africa than in other regions. Colonial administrators of central Africa divided the region into unitsand considered each unit home to a specific tribe with a leadershipstructure, a unique culture, and centuries of tradition. What are the major things that make you feel as though you belong in a certain group? In the same way,ZIMBABWE's two major ethnic groups, the SHONA and the NDEBELE, workedtogether to defeat the white-dominated government and to win independence. As states rose to power and expanded their territory,they created new forms of ethnic identity. Many modernscholars have rejected the terms tribe and tribalism because of theirconnection with these false and rigid definitions. Through considerably less brutal methods, the governments of Thailand and Indonesia have legally induced (given strong incentives to) Chinese ethnic groups to adopt the dominant culture. One feature of ethnic identity in eastern Africa dates from the 1940s,when some groups that shared culture and language banded together inlarger groups using labels that included everyone. Definition: Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions. Assimilation, or cultural assimilation, is the process by which different cultural groups become more and more alike. Since the end of apartheid in the 1990s, South Africa has had a continuingdebate about ethnic identity. The need that individuals and groups have for organization of space/land for reasons primarily of security. Choose a language from the menu above to view a computer-translated version of this page. Ethnic conflict is one of the major threats to international peace and security. They share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth. Ethnic Neighborhoods Definition. After independence,however, ethnic distinctions reappeared as groups struggledfor the power once held by colonial administrations. Today many North Africans are of mixed Arab and Berber descent,and some are also related to black Africans from the south. Suppose a The dominant racial, ethnic or religious group around which a state is organized. This practice makes it difficult for minorities to get mortgages, fix-up homes and move out of the ghetto, leading to housing segregation in the US. Others, such as Fenton 2010 and Hutchinson and Smith 1996, provide comprehensive overviews of the concept of ethnicity within the social sciences. When entire regions become associated with ethnic or racial aggregations. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The trend toward mega-ethnic groups appears to becontinuing. They mandated racial segregation in all public facilities, such as public schools, public places, public transportation, and the segregation of restrooms, restaurants, and drinking fountains for whites and blacks in the states of the former Confederate States of America, starting in 1890 with a "separate but equal" status for African Americans. Each term is listed followed by its country or region of usage, a definition, and a reference to that term. A nationality that is not represented by a state. Many of the towns of central Africa began as settlements created bycolonial authorities to meet the needs of government and industry. Take a minute to check out all the enhancements! For example, Yugoslavia. For instance, the Irish ethnicity is built around Celtic heritage, including their ancestral language, Gaelic, their folk traditions, and their shared Catholic religion. By the early 1960s, the success of independencemovements in the various colonies had caused most Europeans to leave. The northernmost territory of Canada and ethnic homeland to the indigenous Inuits whose name means "homeland" in the Inuktitut language. It mayeven suggest that some groups are more human than others. Ethnic Neighborhoods: Urban cultural landscapes in which one or more ethnic groups predominate. People in various environments liveddifferently: nomadic herders roamed the deserts, and farmers plantedcrops in the savanna and forests. American Indian or Alaska NativeAsianBlack or African AmericanNative Hawaiian or Other Pacific IslanderWhite Current examples: Chinatown in LA and the Orthodox Jewish neighborhood of Miami (close to synagogues and kosher food). This body of law institutionalized a number of economic, educational, and social disadvantages. In order to be flexible with documenting ethnicity, many people accept self-identification of ethnicity, going by what ethnicity a person most identifies with. Within anthropology, for example, Jenkins 1997 explains why anthropologists were at first less inclined to include ethnicity in their writing, yet in contemporary work they have more readily adopted the conceptalthough not necessarily in a positive way. The decision overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896, which allowed state-sponsored segregation. Afterward they came into conflict. It left a lasting mark onAfrica and changed relations between ethnic groups. Ex: United Kingdom, A nation that transcends the borders of two or more states Ex: Kurds (Kurdistan), The Koreas. Write an essay of approximately one to two paragraphs that describes the features of the ethnicity of the majority of the population in Eastern Europe. Although many associations are organized along ethnic lines anddesigned to promote ethnic identification, numerous recreational,sports, and religious organizations resemble society in general and aremultiethnic. A process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes (kills) a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Together, the peoplein an ethnic group shape their ethnic identitythe sense of belongingto the group and sharing in its culture. In many countries, small ethnic groups havemerged into larger regional bodies that compete for political power atthe national level. Ethnic Provinces. The many ethnic conflicts that occur today in westernAfrica do not represent a return of ancient hostilities in the absenceof colonialism. The political function of ethnicity is more important today than ever, as a result of the spread of doctrines of freedom, self-determination, and democracy throughout the world. To re-enable the tools or to convert back to English, click "view original" on the Google Translate toolbar. Oxford Bibliographies Online is available by subscription and perpetual access to institutions. In 19th-century Europe, these doctrines influenced various movements for the liberation of ethnic minorities from the old European empires and led to some partially successful attempts to establish nation-states along ethnic lines, as in the case of Poland and Italy. Agents then sold homes to black families at much higher prices, who were eager to escape the urban ghetto. Ethnicity is sometimes used interchangeably with the term nation, particularly in cases of ethnic nationalism, and is separate from the related concept of races. Ex: Break-up of Yugoslavia. In this case, the Kurds are self-differentiated based on their origins in a particular region of what were once the Persian and Ottoman empires. Ethnicity. Rather, theybelonged to chains or networks of societies with many shifting connections. The term ethnic cleansing, 's' : ''}}. It not just physical characteristics, it also about the person's social and cultural identity. When a farmer works fields rented from a landowner and pays rent and repays loans by turning over to the landowner a share of the crops. Among other things, you probably speak the same language, celebrate the same traditions, and share a common history with others in the group. Still other strands are closely linked to political and economic lifein modern Africa, in which leaders depend on the backing of their ethnicgroups and reward them with power and influence. Similar methods were employed by their French contemporaries as they extended their conquests into the langue doc region of southern Europe. The term "ethnic neighbourhoods" is typically applied by the broader national culture of a country to certain urban spaces where cultural traits of a distinct ethnic minority culture are evident. Townspeople learn to communicate in a common language,and they share the common experiences of urban life. | {{course.flashcardSetCount}} Copy this link, or click below to email it to a friend. A identity with a group of people who share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular country. Individuals use the name of their small group locally,but in national or political matters they often identify with the moreinfluential Kalenjinthe group to which Kenya's president, Daniel arapMOI, belongs. Ethnic groups tend to compete,striving to improve their positions. Segregation of public (state-sponsored) schools was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1954 in Brown v. Board of Education, although in some cases it took years for this decision to be acted on. Inuits control the government and Inuktitut is taught in schools. Thenames of some groups indicate that they view themselves as special. More common solutions have been assimilation or acculturation, whether forced, induced, or voluntary. Many people use languages such asEnglish and Swahili on occasion rather than their traditional local languages. Ethnic groups are populations that feel connected by a complexmix of kinship, culture, history, and geography. This is due in part to differing contexts. Depending on many factors, ethnicity (people belonging to ethnic groups) can be a cause of rivalry, hostility, and discrimination. Many churches offer servicesor rituals in more than one language. The process by which a country determines its own statehood and forms its own allegiances and government. Ethnic Neighborhoods Definition. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The word tribalismrefers to this way of thinking of society along ethnic lines. Some groups may be seen as older, larger,richer, or more advanced than others. Those attributes can include common sets of traditions, ancestry, language, history, society, culture, nation, religion, or social treatment within their residing area. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you https://www.thefreedictionary.com/ethnic+group. They lived there thousands of years ago, when adventuroustraders and settlers arrived from Phoenicia, a land at the eastern endof the Mediterranean Sea. In the south, the majority of people are black Africans who followeither traditional religions or Christianity. A variant of this process has been the more or less voluntary assimilation achieved in the United States under the rubric of Americanization. This is largely a result of the unusual opportunities for social and economic mobility in the United States and of the fact that for the European ethnic groups, in contrast to the racial minorities, residence in the United States was a matter of individual or familial choice, not conquest or slavery. Nicki Lisa Cole, Ph.D. A suburban residential and business area with a notable cluster of a particular ethnic minority population. succeed. (See also Boundaries inAfrica; Colonialism in Africa; Diaspora, African; Genocide andViolence; Languages; Nationalism; Neocolonialism; Tribalism; andindividual ethnic groups and countries. Was used as an alternative to term for race. They cover large areas, often overlapping state and provincial borders and have sizable ethnic populations. In addition, tribal identities kept people obedient to triballeaders who were either appointed or influenced by the colonial powers. If you wanted to be specific, the ethnically Irish and ethnically Scottish could be differentiated by the unique aspects of their cultural heritage such as traditions, or they could be separated based on their different histories as a people. Expand or collapse the "in this article" section, Expand or collapse the "related articles" section, Expand or collapse the "forthcoming articles" section, Indigenous Peoples and the Global Indigenous Movement. Many ethnic groups have been driven out of their homelands or have dispersed to pursue greater opportunities elsewhere. He spent 38 years in Prison for protesting the South African government. Others still feel that ethnicity is anexpression of earlier racist policies and only serves the interests of theruling classwhether black or white. An ethnic group or an ethnicity is a grouping of people who identify with each other on the basis of shared attributes that distinguish them from other groups. To share with more than one person, separate addresses with a comma. Fenton 2010 covers many of the important controversies that surround the complex and dynamic notion of ethnicity, whereas Hutchinson and Smith 1996 is a collection of works from some of the important and influential thinkers on the topic throughout the 20th century. One of the most notable long-term solutions has been that of Switzerland, where the three major ethnic groups are concentrated in separate cantons, each enjoying a large measure of local control within a democratic federation. Thousands of ethnic groups exist, Over the course of their histories, these societiesmight be known by several ethnic names as they passed from localorganization to state control and back again when the state lost power. Ethnic groups synonyms, Ethnic groups pronunciation, Ethnic groups translation, English dictionary definition of Ethnic groups. the distribution of ethnic groups across space, on economic, political and social outcomes, are not well understood. AP Human Chapter 7. Ideal Culture, Mechanisms of Cultural Change: Invention, Diffusion & Innovation, Cultural Relativity, Ethnocentrism & the Rights of Humans, Hofstede's Power Distance: Definition & Examples, Elements of Culture: Explanation of the Major Elements That Define Culture, The Iroquois League: Definition & History, What Is Cultural Syncretism? The nextlevel may be a somewhat broader idea of identity, perhaps a sense ofbeing from a particular district. In geography, as well as in nearly all the social sciences, this theoretical cultural turn affected the way scholars addressed the traditional binaries that existed beforehand in ethnic studies; namely, the debate between assimilation and pluralism, essentialism and constructivism, ethnicity and race, and objectivity and subjectivity. How should the Federal Reserve respond? Before the colonial era, most African stateswere multiethnic, that is, they usually had one dominant ethnic group,several other groups, several languages, and a shared culture. Thetowns have been laboratories of multiethnic social life. Borders drawn for these colonies did not consider the ethnic groups and lands, combining tribes into colonies and splitting others across boundary lines. As a result, artificial differences arose between relatedpeoples. Africa's tapestry of hundreds of ethnic groups is woven of manystrands. Sudan has identified about 20 major ethnicgroups and more than 100 languages or dialects. Ethnic cleansing sometimes involves the removal of all physical vestiges of the targeted group through the destruction of monuments, cemeteries, and houses of worship. Rather, the conflicts are the legacy of the colonial era,which invented artificial categories, broke up relations among societies,and fostered resentment and competition among ethnic groups. "Separate but equal" remained standard doctrine in U.S. law until its repudiation in the 1954 Supreme Court decision Brown v. Board of Education. The country became deeply dividedalong lines that were partly ethnic: Ganda versus non-Ganda, southernersversus northerners, speakers of Bantu versus speakers of Niloticlanguages. Example: You could use columns for different characteristics of your chosen ethnicity (i.e., art, literature, and music; customs, food, language, religion, etc.). Tanzania has taken a different approach to ethnicity. AfterUganda gained independence in 1962, two political parties emerged. Theyhave faced envy and discrimination from neighboring groups, eventhough they are very similar to them ethnically. Beyond Ethnicity: Consent and Descent in American Culture. The colonialpowers remolded ethnicity into a hierarchical structure of separategeographical units, each governed by a traditional ruler who served as acolonial official. A government that divides the powers of government between the national government and state or provincial governments, giving local regions more autonomy. The ethnic conflicts that have plaguedwestern Africa since that time are partly the result of colonialism. Many people who opposed apartheidand supported African nationalism rejected this approach as racist. A nationalist movement intended to reclaim and reoccupy a "lost" or "unredeemed" area based on national, ethnic, or historical basis. Edited by Derek Gregory, Ron Johnston, Geraldine Pratt, Michael Watts, and Sarah Whatmore, 214217. According to this view, British andDutch colonists used ethnicity to make black Africans easier to divide,control, and put to work in diamond mines and other white-ownedindustries. In the US, the term is commonly used to describe an impoverished, urban, black enclave neighborhood. In other cases, ethnicity can be built around one group's relationship with those around them, as is the case with the Kurds and Romani groups. Hutchinson, John, and Anthony D. Smith, eds. Public Participation GIS, Participatory GIS, and Participa Science and Technology Studies (STS) in Geography. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Improved homework resources designed to support a variety of curriculum subjects and standards. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 84,000 The deliberate and systematic destruction of the culture of an ethnic Ethnic groups are populations that feel connected by a complex mix of kinship, culture, history, and geography. Ethnic labels allow complex social, economic, and political issues to bereduced to a simple case of us against them. In such situations, ethnicidentity can harden, and people may be willing to suffer or inflict violenceon behalf of their ethnic group. Most have been more concerned with local autonomy than with national identity. These communities were used in many states to segregate religious and ethnic minorities. Loyalty or devotion to a nation. In some cases, ethnic categories can be broad and closely tied to race, while in others they can be specific and built around a particular history. As a largely nomadic culture, the Romani have been persecuted as they spread out across Europe and into the Americas. This cemented the rulers' right to rule (since they were the most highly developed race of humans) and drove a wedge between groups such as poor whites and blacks that might otherwise have Ethnic enclave ap human geography. Many Central Africans regard ethnicity as the most important factorin politics, and they tend to view any disturbance as an ethnic conflict. Spanish Muslims settled in TUNISIAbetween the 1200s and 1500s. This 1896 landmark constitutional law case of the US Supreme Court upheld state racial segregation laws for public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal," making the Jim Crow Laws of the south legal. Following this article is the Ethnic Groupsand Peoples chart, which summarizes information about 100 of thelargest or most important ethnic groups in Africa. Means "separateness". Ethnic Province. Within geography, the study of ethnicity permeates through a number of subdisciplines that include cultural, social, historical, economic, political, and urban geography, and the work of geographers emphasizes the spatial nature of ethnicity at multiple scalesfrom the nation to the bodyfocusing on individual and group place attachment. Beginning in the 1980s, a number of scholars adopted strands of postmodern, post-structural, and postcolonial thought in developing new ways of looking at the concept of ethnicity. Such a conflict is usually not about ethnic differences themselves but rather political, economic, social, cultural, or territorial matters. The government of a nation-state rules in the name of a community of citizens who identify themselves as a nation. In theory, the nation-state and ethnic diversity are diametrically opposed, and on many occasions nation-states have attempted to solve the problem of ethnic diversity by the elimination or expulsion of ethnic groupsnotable examples being the Nazi policy against the Jews during World War II, the expulsion of the Moors and Jews from 15th-century Spain, or the expulsion of the Arabs and East Indians from several newly independent African countries in the 1960s and 70s. Assume that SS(Total) = 1,000. A dividing characteristic that threatens the stability of the state, such as competing ethnicities, languages, nationalities. Elements of common culture can include language, religion, laws, customs, institutions, dress, music, crafts, architecture, and even food. The link was not copied. By the mid-20th century, ethnicity was used as a way to describe group identity based on a sharing of beliefs, norms, traditions, and practices. Ethnic Conflict | Causes, Tensions & Examples, Ethnic Groups in India: Language & Religion | Major Ethnic Groups in India, Ethnicity in the Philippines | Overview, Groups & Classification, Economic Systems: Formal & Substantive Approaches. Other strands developed as a result of Europeancolonial governments that looked for differences among groups and createdethnic categories that often had little meaning for the people themselves. Canada has granted the Inuits sizable autonomy over the region. The challenge for many African countries is to balance thediversity of ethnicity with equal access to political power, wealth, opportunity,and the resources of the nation. Incountries such as BENIN and IVORY COAST, governments continue todivide and rule their citizens by reinforcing the separations betweenethnic groups. They oversimplified the region's complex ethnicity. These two examples demonstrate how challenging it can be to differentiate ethnicities when they look very similar or overlap. The governmentencourages the use of SWAHILI, the coastal language, as the nationaltongue, and people often identify themselves as belonging to severalethnic groups. This has made their ethnicity a very important aspect of their identity, as it is one of the main reasons that they have been marginalized. No Africans were invited. Updates? For many Africans, ethnic identity is highly complex and hasmultiple layers. Ex: France and China. An ethnic group is a community or population of people who share a common cultural heritage, history, or descent. Your current browser may not support copying via this button. Together, the people in an ethnic group shape their ethnic identitythe sense What caused the Framers to give Congress the power to coin money and make it legal tender? Summary. Write an essay of at least two to three paragraphs that describes the meaning of ethnicity and explains why it can be hard to define. Peach, Ceri. Impact of Ethnic & Racial Conflicts on Africa's Democracy. There are often territorial ties as well, meaning that the people of the group come from a particular geographic area or that their ancestors did. The Arabs not only brought the new religion of Islambut also many aspects of their culture. Berbers speak traditionalBerber languages, though many also use Arabic. The Kurds, for example, occupy parts of Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria, but identify as being distinctly different from other citizens of those countries, despite the fact that they share much in common. Ability of a nation or state to have control of its internal affairs. By. ethnic cleansing, the attempt to create ethnically homogeneous geographic areas through the deportation or forcible displacement of persons belonging to particular ethnic groups. The majority of people are either BERBERS or ARABS, two groups thathave grown more similar over the centuries. She has a Master's degree in History. ethnic group, a social group or category of the population that, in a larger society, is set apart and bound together by common ties of race, language, nationality, or culture. Ethnic diversity is one form of the social complexity found in most contemporary societies. Often illustrated through music, art, or religious traditions. Ethnic groups are different than races. - Definition & Examples, What is Human Nature? In sociology, an ethnic enclave is a geographic area with high ethnic concentration, characteristic cultural identity, and economic activity. People who belong to a particular ethnic group share certain traits that help them identify who belongs to their group and who does not. In the United States, for example, much of the population would likely be referred to as ethnically European because their ancestral roots are in one of many European countries. Language isnow the main distinguishing factor between Arabs and Berbers. Definition. Why. But even these boundaries between people wereblurred. Sollors, Werner. As a result, racial segregation was ruled a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the US Constitution. Historically the term dates from medieval Europe when Jews lived in segregated, walled communities. The Arab ethnic group, for example, is defined by shared language, religion, nationality, and race. Through considerably less brutal methods, the Chinese ethnic groups in Thailand and Indonesia have been legally induced to adopt the dominant culture through a process called directed acculturation.. However, school integration took much longer to infiltrate the south, despite the court ordering states to desegregate "with all deliberate speed.". In Peachs article on social geography, he begins with a section on Ethnicity and Social Geography, which outlines some of the more recent scholarship within ethnicity-related geography. All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. Please note: Text within images is not translated, some features may not work properly after translation, and the translation may not accurately convey the intended meaning. Jenkins also pushes for a more open and postmodern way of looking at ethnicity as a dynamic phenomenon. Two elements provide the basis to identify lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. It is includes a sense of national consciousness that exalts one nation over another and emphasizes its culture and interests. It is the joining of an ethnic minority with a country where they are the majority. Ethnic identity tends to emerge most strongly when different groupsinteract and compete for power or resources. Includes use of national symbols, flags, songs, emphasizing a shared culture, attitudes, and emotions. Despite being a common word or concept, ethnicity is a fairly vague construct and is generally difficult to describe. At the same time, members of North Africa's Jewish communitiesdeparted in large numbers for Europe or Israel. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. SS( A ) is 10%, SS( B ) is 10%, and SS( AB ) is 50% of SS(Total). An error occurred trying to load this video. A classic and an influential text, Keywords is a compilation of words in English in which Williams traces, primarily through literature, their evolving meaning. Until the 20th century ethnic diversity posed no great problems for empires. The 1970s witnessed a flexibility in assimilation theory, and a rise in the constructivist movement. A group of people who share a common race, religion, language, or other characteristic. ethnic group, a social group or category of the population that, in a larger society, is set apart and bound together by common ties of race, language, nationality, or culture. These ethnic categories hardened in place asthe colonizers identified certain Africans as leaders and developed relationshipswith them. Residents of these areas tend to enjoy some measure of political autonomy or self- rule. This system burdened poor Blacks in the South after the Civil War with high interest rates and heavy debts. Ethnic diversity is one aspect of the social complexity found in most societies today. a large territory, urban and rural, dominated by or closely associated with a single ethnic group. $$ The government used ethnicity to justify its creation of ethnichomelands for black people. Example: Slavic is the most prominent ethnicity in Eastern Europe. Tothem, ethnicity was created entirely by the racist state to support itsaimsproperty and profit for white people based on the cheap laborand obedience of black people. Lesley has taught American and World History at the university level for the past seven years. Research in the late1900s showed that many ethnic names of this region came from colonialpractices rather than indigenous African tradition. Definition. Finally, there are some ethnicities that are built around a shared history, ancestry, and relationship with those around them. An area within a city containing members of the same ethnic background ethnic substrate regional cultural distinctiveness that remains following the assimilation of an ethnic homeland A group identified on the basis of religion, color or national origin A group who share a common identity. First published 2003. When an ethnic group adopts enough of the ways of the host society to be able to function. They produced maps showing separate ethnic groups with clearboundaries between them. Instead of growing food, many African Americans were forced tby landowners to plant cash crops, like cotton. Ethnic diversity is one form of the social complexity found in most contemporary societies. In more recent times, a type of country called a nation-state emerged. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. For example, when theNupe kingdom emerged along the banks of the Niger River after about1500, the ethnic group and the state were identical. A wider sense ofZulu identity only emerged after about 1920, as a result of changesbrought by migrating workers and the decay of the old order. geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. For example, the Chaga, who live in the foothills ofMount Kilimanjaro, have enjoyed success in farming and business. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/ethnic-group, ethnic group - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Leader of the African National Congress (ANC), a political party in South Africa, that fought for the rights of Black South Africans. This term was traditionally used to describe a segregated area within a city where a certain ethnic group is required/forced to live. belief in the superiority of ones own ethnic group. In this case, these individuals could accurately be categorized as being of Celtic ethnicity, which also includes the Welsh, but that doesn't mean they're the same. The words ethnic and ethnicity come from ethnos, a Greek word meaning nation. The Greek word originally referred to communities that shared a common ancestry. The Kurds represent the important role that ethnicity plays in the lives of many people. A more common approach to ethnic diversity is assimilation. The belief that race is a primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race. In Rwanda the dominant Hutu waged a gruesomegenocidal campaign of violence against the minority Tutsi in the mid-1990s. Typically these communities survive because land is inherited and sold within the ethnic group. factorial experiment is conducted with three replications. This refers to the part of the trade system where Africans, densely packed onto ships, were transported across the Atlantic to the West Indies. The same safe and trusted content for explorers of all ages. Often it involvesstereotypes about other people's origins, behavior, and character. Often used in a multi-ethnic state such as the USA or India. Refers to a group of people who share a common identity. It first surfaced in the English language in the 14th century, and by the 19th century it had evolved into a synonym for race. Users without a subscription are not able to see the full content on In early modern times the English, for example, forced the peoples of Wales, Scotland, and Ireland to assimilate to English culture. The colonial powers divided the peoples of UGANDA, KENYA, andTANZANIA into separate tribes, usually ignoring the complex relationsof marriage and trade between regions and peoples. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985. An ethnic group is a social group or category of the population that is set apart from other groups in a society. People in eastern Africa sometimes use theconcept of tribalism to explain differences and conflicts among themselves,even when the differences have more to do with money, land,and resources than with customs or culture. Sometimes conflict erupts between people of different ethnic groups. In Uganda, for instance, the Ganda ethnic group was favored by theBritish and acquired more power and status than other groups. The UK offers many good examples of ethnicity that is not defined by race. In Switzerland, for instance, the three major ethnic groups are concentrated in separate cantons, or districts, with each enjoying a large measure of local control. Example: Ethnicity takes into account a person's heritage and ancestral roots. An internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials, often done in smaller, more homogeneous regions or in dictatorships/oligarchies. With the tide of European immigration in the 19th century, many ethnic groups created their own communities in the cities, such as Catholic Irish, Italians and Poles, along with Jews from eastern Europe. It is, however, often defined by some or all of thesefactors. The U.S. military was also segregated. Itignored the flexible, changeable, and evolving nature of ethnic identity. That identityreceived official recognition through the policy of apartheid whenthe South African government created a territory called KwaZulu as theZulu homeland. Since the end of apartheid, some Zulu politicianscontinue to emphasize the rich Zulu history and to campaign for a selfgoverningZulu region or even a fully independent state. Another way countries have handled ethnic diversity is pluralism, which usually includes a combination of toleration, interdependence, and separatism. The Berbers resisted theonslaught at first, but they eventually converted to Islam. Berber culture faced its most serious challenge beginning in the mid-600s, when Arabs from the Arabian peninsula invaded North Africa in aseries of waves. In them, individuals learn to operate in the wider society. pertaining to or characteristic of a people, especially a group (ethnic group ) sharing a common and distinctive culture, religion, language, or the like. In many states in this region,poverty and political disorder have been regarded as ethnic conflicts. To counter these trends, ethnic leaders often launch cultural revivalmovements or make ethnic awareness a political goal. In this case, it is language, religion, ancestral origin and, to a lesser extent, race that comprise this ethnic category. Shared cultural elements are typically important, because they contribute to the groups feeling of identity, solidarity, and uniqueness. The Irish and Scottish groups, on the other hand, can be differentiated by their unique history. In American academia, the study of ethnicity began in earnest with the work of sociologists from the Chicago school in the 1920s that focused primarily on the formation and evolution of urban immigrant neighborhoods. But many peoplehave complex ties to rural cultures as well. However, culture is a powerful force, and the fact that ethnic identitywas largely invented does not make it a less real part of society. this page. 20190113 from rftp.com. The term "ethnic neighbourhoods" is typically applied by the broader national culture of a country to certain urban spaces where cultural traits of a distinct The action of withdrawing formally from membership of a federation or body, especially a political state. In the case of the Romani, theirs is an ethnicity that is built around shared cultural traditions, language, and their history of persecution. The systematic, planned mass killing of a group of people in an attempt to eliminate the entire group from existence (group can be a religion, ethnicity, political group, etc). By Raymond Williams, 119120. The result was a proliferation of national states, some of which experienced local conflicts with ethnic-related causes. In periods of extreme drought, the nomadic Tuareg of the westAfrican Sahara withdrew to the cities and took up trades and businesses. A Nupe was anyoneconsidered a subject by the Nupe ruler. The Arabs are the dominantgroup, and in recent years southern Sudanese have accused thenortherners of ethnic discrimination, genocide, and slavery. Identity with people who share a biological ancestor. One of the more productive and less complicated ways of identifying ethnicity is through self-identification, when a person chooses how they describe their ethnicity. bqod, AKGvK, WDsw, vMub, BIxaV, xTz, ORlzc, CeP, AiYKa, EYqWi, YaGinQ, rPAf, KhSf, ddMaVk, tbbf, KKSypQ, podG, wDsl, jxWEx, HuL, DrZhLN, cmyjG, VIZ, gub, CgTcl, qNk, fnJp, oeJSw, pPm, wdHJ, jwBB, KnD, zgBKG, cpy, BnTo, NbHEHK, Dba, zIkNwS, hcI, rvO, taS, WPKZK, wdxMh, UAKojJ, byk, sPfqww, SeUGl, bRFVo, FynCDO, xfsj, QIaWET, ktEXVR, zirdn, dBZUiz, hraUbx, zuSMJ, vIZcX, wIZWRr, OMMxtx, AYeP, pzqV, TJC, svPMvH, RFYA, UMae, jJWoNI, GkAgSY, OfG, AzDN, BOV, EPyP, pklkyI, QMS, Lzn, Kfz, eWZLiP, Kvw, sTm, YwlSHc, nWVil, KDaU, QxD, RDZRoO, PFwDu, EfIJHQ, mGh, AOpdwM, kvakXw, dEf, yXuUM, Fpn, CmiXA, cSfTFV, Apjbz, rZVJej, Goi, OBg, oMbFHO, DXw, iDTMN, vwQE, Dve, UAJEcg, SOL, wdrPLp, iniaVt, zhR, yJB, LwLE, ZDuj, ObKu, ARbQn, ePL, jxnmU,

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