Most of these inscriptions date from the second to third centuries A.D., and all contain phrases such as "He whose name is blessed forever," "Lord of the Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. For the past 100 years, scholars have referred to this unknown deity as the "Anonymous God of Palmyra." But Kubiak-Schneider noticed that the ways in which the Palmyra inscriptions. Item Dimensions: Unfortunately, most likely we wont ever find one. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. This was interpreted as monotheistic manifestations and tendencies to worship the only god, a mystical dimension of the cult of the Lord of Heaven, Baalshamin, as well as a taboo against speaking the name of the deity similar to that existing in Judaism, because these phrases have been evoking and still evoke biblical connotations, Kubiak-Schneider told Science in Poland. Merciful refers to Bel-Marduk, the master of the Babylonian pantheon and the peoples savior from Tiamat, a monster embodying chaos and darkness. 2007-2021 ZME Science - Not exactly rocket science. The anonymous deity is mentioned in numerous Aramaic inscriptions at Palmyra and is referred to as "he whose name is blessed forever," "lord of the universe" and "merciful," according to Science in Poland, a news site run by the Polish government and independent journalists. To crack the puzzle researchers had to study over 200 inscriptions addressed to this unknown God. For example, Leonardo Gregoratti, a researcher who has studied the history and archaeology of Palmyra, told the media outlet in an email that Kubiak-Schneider "presented [a] hypothesis to the scientific community which will discuss it and each scholar will decide to accept it or reject it presenting [their] counterarguments in the latter case. The results of the analyses appeared in the bookDdicaces votives sans thonyme de Palmyre. ", Pennsylvanias Revolutionary War POW camp, Roman mini-fridge, Maya mercury poisoning, Australian legend of the Seven Sisters, and the first Neanderthal family, (c) He writes mainly about emerging tech, physics, climate, and space. Aleksandra Kubiak-Schneider had been carrying out research in an ancient metropolis in todays Syria known as Palmyra when she made her discovery. ", Access to the chat has been blocked for violating the. Material: Limestone. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Posted on September 11, 2022 by 1stteam2022 A Polish archaeologist has unlocked a 100-year-old mystery after identifying over 200 inscriptions addressed to an anonymous god. There was no one Anonymous God, every god who listened and showed favour to requests deserved an eternal praise.. Phone: (+30) 210 32 28 705. Many of these inscriptions date back around 2,000 years. Close-up of an inscription to the 'Anonymous God'. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Meanwhile, Live Science points out that a number of researchers who weren't involved in the study "reacted with caution" towards the proposal brought forth by Kubiak-Schneider. The non-use of the name of the god in case of dedication was therefore a sign of respect. I have read and agree to the terms & conditions. Thats important since it shows that people from the 2nd and 3rd centuries in the Middle East continued to hold on to pre-Hellenistic traditions before they were replaced by the most influential monotheistic religions today: Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. Bni (soit) sont nom pour lternit(Votive dedications without own names of deities from Palmyra. But around the 2nd century CE, some inscriptions hint toward a puzzling cult of an unnamed god, he whose name is blessed forever, the merciful and good. Monotheistic cults were rare in that region at that time, and for over a century archaeologists have been trying to solve the puzzle and identify the deity who was the object of countless blessings, but to no avail until now. She said: This was interpreted as monotheistic manifestations and tendencies to worship the only god, a mystical dimension of the cult of the Lord of Heaven, Baalshamin, as well as a taboo against speaking the name of the deity similar to that existing in Judaism, because these phrases have been evoking and still evoke biblical connotations.. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance".     The inscriptions in question, some 200 in number, all reference some sort of deity who is never addressed by name, but rather by various epithets, such as he whose name is blessed forever, lord of the universe, and merciful.. Daily Her results also indicate the existence of religious poetry used in rituals nearly 2,000 years ago, but not preserved until today. Enter your email to get access.Subscribe to unlockYour email address is 100% safe from . A Polish archaeologist has unlocked a 100-year-old mystery after identifying over 200 inscriptions addressed to an anonymous god. Daily archaeological news and exclusive online features, plus articles from the current issue and back issues 2022 Archaeology Magazine, a Publication of the Archaeological Institute of America. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. You can email the site owner to let them know you were blocked. Click to reveal In 2015, the extremist group ISIS took control of Palmyra and demolished the great Temple of Baal Shamen with explosives, as well as destroyed Palmyras main temple, the Temple of Bel. Kubiak-Schneider said: It is therefore not surprising that the deitys image is not found on the altars, which in this case is not connected with the prohibition on presenting the divine face. According to the Polish researcher, the mysterious titles from the Palmyra texts were, in fact, addressed to multiple deities that were worthy of thanksgiving. Aleksandra Kubiak-Schneider had been carrying out research in an ancient metropolis in today's Syria known as Palmyra when she made her discovery. The colonnade avenue and Tetrapylon in the historical part of Palmyra (the view from the Valley of Tombs), https://cdnn1.img.sputniknews.com/img/104980/38/1049803879_186:0:2917:2048_1920x0_80_0_0_de528bb535fbc0cf89016dc334e6a48d.jpg.webp, UK Archaeologists to Excavate Legendary Millennia-Old Arthur's Stone. It became famous primarily for its picturesque, monumental stone architecture long colonnades and numerous temples devoted to various gods. In his spare time, Tibi likes to make weird music on his computer and groom felines. This Content Is Only For SubscribersPlease subscribe to unlock this content. He was depicted with a solar nimbus and styled "lord of the spring". Lord of the World likely refers to Bel, also known as the Lord of the Universe, as well as Baalshamin, the god of the heavens that commands storms and fertility. To crack the puzzle researchers had to study over 200 inscriptions addressed to this unknown God. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Karytsi Square 10, Athens, PC 105 61, Greece These hymns praised their most important deities, including Marduk-Bel (the chief deity of Babylon who presided over the stars), Nabu (the patron god of literacy), Nergal (god of the underground), Hadad (storm and rain god). . Aleksandra Kubiak-Schneider had been carrying out research in an ancient metropolis in today's Syria known as Palmyra when she made her discovery. Among the approx. There was no one Anonymous God, every god who listened and showed favor to requests deserved an eternal praise," the researcher remarked. It is therefore not surprising that the deitys image is not found on the altars, which in this case is not connected with the prohibition on presenting the divine face. This so-called "anonymous God," who shares the main epithets of Baal-Shamin, does not have a sanctuary of his own, and Kaizer agrees with others that his cult was a development toward more personal religion. Credit: Aleksandra Kubiak-Schneider Yarhibol is an Aramean god who was worshiped mainly in ancient Palmyra. All Rights Reserved. 163-211), Kaizer's focus is on the various rituals performed at Palmyra. There was no anonymous God, and every god who listens to requests and shows grace deserves endless praise." The people who financed these inscriptions in Palmyra were mostly from elite and middle wealthy families. 3, "The rhythm of religious life" (pp. Silas Weir Mitchell and the Rest Cure: Brilliant Doctor or Cruel Tyrant? Your IP: Originally founded near a fertile natural oasis, it was established sometime during the third millennium B.C. More than 40,000 subscribers can't be wrong. Naturally, the city flourished, and the citys privileged position between East and West was cemented in great bilingual stone inscriptions that reveal the organization and nature of Palmyras trade, as well as information about the gods that the Palmyrenes worshipped. The Polish researcher, however, noticed that the way of addressing the deity in the inscriptions seemed rather similar to that featured in religious hymns from ancient Mesopotamia circa the first millennium BC. Mentionned in textual sources as early as the 2nd millennium B.C., the city knew its apogee in the Greco-Roman period, particularly under the reign of Queen Zenobia. There was no one Anonymous God, every god who listened and showed favor to requests deserved eternal praise, Kubiak-Schneider added. Due to the perks it can roll, Palmyra-B. Meanwhile, the phrase He whose name is blessed forever can refer to any male deity. The discussion is closed. Aleksandra Kubiak-Schneider had been carrying out research in an ancient metropolis in today's Syria known as Palmyra when she made her discovery. Limestone Altar With Inscription Dedicated To The Anonymous God | Palmyra Archaeological Museum Previous Next Limestone Altar With Inscription Dedicated To The Anonymous God Description All the inscriptions dedicated to the merciful are written in thanksgiving for fulfilling the prayers of individuals. Every god who listened and showed favor to requests deserved an eternal praise. Deities could have many names and titles that could be used in different situations by different people, she added. Weekly. Credit: Aleksandra Kubiak-Schneider The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. The deities had many different names and titles, which would be used depending on the situation and the person addressing them. The Palmyreans were perfectly aware of the names of their deities, the archaeologist argues. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Satellite imagery from 2017 showed that the destruction didnt stop there, with the Tetrapylona square monument on the Grand Colonnade consisting of four groupings of four columns eachhaving been demolished. All of them contained mysterious phrases in the form of addressing a deity: He whose name is blessed forever, Lord of the Universe, Merciful. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. You can participate in the discussion within 24 hours after the publication of the article. According to Dr. Kubiak-Schneider, her finding is significant because it shows the continuity of pre-Hellenistic traditions in the Middle East, which influenced the shape of todays great monotheistic religions: Judaism, Christianity and Islam. This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks. Tibi is a science journalist and co-founder of ZME Science. Palmyra was an ancient metropolis that mediated in trade between the Roman Empire and the Far East Persia, China and India. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. According to her, the name Merciful refers to is Bel-Marduk, the head of the Babylonian pantheon also worshiped in Palmyra, who saved people and gods from Tiamat, a monster embodying chaos and darkness. With the release of Destiny 2: The Witch Queen comes the Palmyra-B, a Hakke rocket launcher that might become one of the best power weapons in the game. Among the approx. Join the ZME newsletter for amazing science news, features, and exclusive scoops. Each name carries a different message, showing different aspects of deities worshipped in polytheistic systems, such as the one in Palmyra or in the cities of Mesopotamia, or the Roman Empire, Kubiak-Schneider concluded. Palmyra is an ancient city in south-central Syria, which reached prominence in the 3d century CE when it became a central trading hub linking the Roman Empire to India and China. Aleksandra Kubiak-Schneider had been carrying out research in an ancient metropolis in today's Syria known as Palmyra when she made her discovery. He normally appears alongside Bel, who was a co-supreme god of Palmyra, and Aglibol, the moon god and one of the top Palmyrene gods. Kubiak-Schneider therefore postulates that the inscriptions in question reference not one, but multiple deities such as Babylonian pantheon head Bel-Marduk, who was referred to as the merciful, and sky god Baalshamin, who was sometimes referred to as the lord of the world.. as the. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". As the media outlet explains, scientists spent about 100 years trying to determine the identity of the deity referenced in said inscriptions, even coining the moniker the Anonymous God of Palmyra.. A publication of the Archaeological Institute of America, Inscriptions Reveal Details About Palmyras Anonymous God, WROCAW, POLANDScience in Poland reports that Aleksandra Kubiak-Schneider of the University of Wrocaw examined more than 2,500 Aramaic inscriptions on stone altars from Syrias ancient city of Palmyra. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. People who funded these inscriptions in Palmyra mainly came from elite and medium-rich families. https://sputniknews.com/20220712/scholar-deduces-likely-identity-of-fabled-anonymous-god-of-palmyra-1097229896.html, Scholar Deduces Likely Identity of Fabled 'Anonymous God of Palmyra', The author of the new hypothesis postulates that rather than addressing a single being, the inscriptions in question may be referencing multiple deities. GOD ROLL PVE Rocket Launcher Crafting (PALMYRA-B) - YouTube 0:00 / 0:23 #destiny2 #shorts #crafting GOD ROLL PVE Rocket Launcher Crafting (PALMYRA-B) 4,817 views Mar 12, 2022 29 Dislike. Monotheistic cults were rare. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The expert noticed that the specific way of addressing the anonymous deity was the same as in the hymns sung and recited in the 1st millennium BCE temples of ancient Mesopotamia in giving thanks for the received help to many important deities: Marduk-Bel (the most important deity of Babylon), Nabu (the patron god of literacy), Nergal (god of the underground), Hadad (storm and rain god). To read about a Bronze Age merchant city in Syria, go to "The Ugarit Archives. Kubiak-Schneider told Science in Poland: These inscriptions were on stone altars intended for burning the fragrant sacrifice of incense, juniper grains and other aromas and for pouring liquids.. Palmyra is an ancient archaeological site located in modern-day Syria. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Most of these inscriptions date from the second to third centuries A.D., and all contain phrases such as He whose name is blessed forever, Lord of the Universe, and Merciful. For the past 100 years, scholars have referred to this unknown deity as the Anonymous God of Palmyra. But Kubiak-Schneider noticed that the ways in which the Palmyra inscriptions addressed this god were the same as the ways specific deities were addressed in hymns from Mesopotamias temples, and could refer to the same gods. Close-up of an inscription to the 'Anonymous God'. These inscriptions were on stone altars intended for burning the fragrant sacrifice of incense, juniper grains and other aromas and for pouring liquids, Aleksandra Kubiak-Schneider, a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Wroclaw, told Science in Poland. 2,500 inscriptions in Aramaic on various architectural elements scattered around Palmyra, she found about 200 texts dated mainly to the 2nd and 3rd century CE. The Lord of the World, in turn, can refer to Bel, the Lord of the Universe, as well as Baalshamin, the god of storm and fertility identified with Zeus. A Polish archaeologist has unlocked a 100-year-old mystery after identifying over 200 inscriptions addressed to an anonymous god. There was no one Anonymous God, she said. A Polish archaeologist has unlocked a 100-year-old mystery after identifying over 200 inscriptions addressed to an anonymous god. The names of these gods were, of course, common knowledge to the Palmyretes, and calling them by name was not necessary, much to the frustration of archaeologists later. For about 100 years scientists have been trying to determine which deity was the addressee of this specific phrase. Culture They solve the mystery of the anonymous god of Palmyra. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". The oasis of Palmyra is a point of convergence of several trade routes in northwestern Syria. There was no one Anonymous God, every god who listened and showed favor to requests deserved an eternal praise, the researcher remarked. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Meanwhile, the solution to the puzzle was somewhere else. From 1959 to the beginning of the civil war in 2011 this ancient city it was studied by a Polish archaeological mission. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. A Polish archaeologist has unlocked a 100-year-old mystery after identifying over 200 inscriptions addressed to an anonymous god. Their commissioners included both men and women; some were slaves, freed ex-slaves, free men, and Roman citizens. Aleksandra Kubiak-Schneider had been carrying out research in an ancient metropolis in today's Syria known as Palmyra when she made her discovery. the nameless or anonymous form of the report to the gods.2 A hesitation set in the title deals with a, common for Palmyra, Hatra and Edessa, phenomenon of substituting the divine names by descriptive Some were etched on stone altars where incense, juniper grains, and other fragrances were burned as offerings. Kubiak-Schneider claims that by not addressing a god by name in their prayers and hymns, the Palmyretes were showing their respect. She discovered that the gods worshiped in Mesopotamia were referred to with similar names as the anonymous god from Palmyra.For example,"Bel-Marduk" - the supreme god of Babylon - was also referred to as"merciful." The phrase"lord of the world" - a title similar to"lord of the universe" was sometimes used to refer to Baalshamin, a sky god . 12.07.2022, Sputnik International, /html/head/meta[@name='og:title']/@content, /html/head/meta[@name='og:description']/@content, https://cdnn1.img.sputniknews.com/img/104980/38/1049803879_0:151:3105:1897_1920x0_80_0_0_d75f1be354b9b91e2b63b916c1333d94.jpg.webp, A researcher from Poland has apparently managed to solve the mystery related to a number of inscriptions in Aramaic found in the ruins of the ancient city of Palmyra.The inscriptions in question, some 200 in number, all reference some sort of deity who is never addressed by name, but rather by various epithets, such as he whose name is blessed forever, lord of the universe, and merciful.As the media outlet explains, scientists spent about 100 years trying to determine the identity of the deity referenced in said inscriptions, even coining the moniker the Anonymous God of Palmyra.The Polish researcher, however, noticed that the way of addressing the deity in the inscriptions seemed rather similar to that featured in religious hymns from ancient Mesopotamia circa the first millennium BC.Kubiak-Schneider therefore postulates that the inscriptions in question reference not one, but multiple deities such as Babylonian pantheon head Bel-Marduk, who was referred to as the merciful, and sky god Baalshamin, who was sometimes referred to as the lord of the world.Meanwhile, Live Science points out that a number of researchers who werent involved in the study reacted with caution towards the proposal brought forth by Kubiak-Schneider.For example, Leonardo Gregoratti, a researcher who has studied the history and archaeology of Palmyra, told the media outlet in an email that Kubiak-Schneider "presented [a] hypothesis to the scientific community which will discuss it and each scholar will decide to accept it or reject it presenting [their] counterarguments in the latter case. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. A Polish archaeologist has unlocked a 100-year-old mystery after identifying over 200 inscriptions addressed to an anonymous god. Among the people who commissioned them were both women and men; some of them were slaves, liberated former slaves, free people, as well as Roman citizens. Jerusalem Post Archaeology Researcher solves mystery of anonymous God of Palmyra A Polish archaeologist has found answers to a 100-year-old mystery after identifying over 200 inscriptions. The analysis of over 2,500 Aramaic inscriptions in Palmyra in south-central Syria has helped solve a 100-year-old mystery. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. The action you just performed triggered the security solution. Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page. Copyright 2022 Archaeology Wiki | All Rights Reserved. Aleksandra Kubiak-Schneider had been carrying out research in an ancient metropolis in today's Syria known as Palmyra when she made her discovery. 155.138.206.123 WROCAW, POLANDScience in Poland reports that Aleksandra Kubiak-Schneider of the University of Wrocaw examined more than 2,500 Aramaic inscriptions on stone altars from Syria's ancient city of Palmyra. He whose name is blessed forever) published by Brill. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. https://scienceinpoland.pl/en/news/news%2C92637%2Cpolish-researcher-solves-mystery-anonymous-god-palmyra.html, The prehistoric settlement on Koukonisi (Lemnos), Remains of olive presses in ancient Thouria of Messenia, Sudan Archaeology from a Greco-Roman Perspective (Part 4). This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Cloudflare Ray ID: 777fa9efd8a3b178 There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase, a SQL command or malformed data. 24 4 minutes read 4 minutes read In fact, He whose name is blessed forever, can refer to any male deity in hymns and prayers in Babylonia and Assyria, and could have been used in the same way in Palmyra, Kubiak-Schneider explained. Only the phrase He whose name is blessed forever can be universal and refer to any male deity, which listened to the praying persons requests and deserves eternal glory, which is confirmed by ancient hymns and prayers from Babylonia and Asyria from the periods before Alexander the Great and Romans. by Tibi Puiu June 21, 2022 in Archaeology, News, Science. It is therefore not surprising that the deity's image is not found on the altars, which in this case is not connected with the prohibition on presenting the divine face. Two hundred texts, dated mainly to the 2nd and 3rd century AD have been attributed to "The Anonymous God of Palmyra," named after the ancient city they were found in. Posted on October 7, 2022by news226media The analysis of over 2,500 Aramaic inscriptions in Palmyra in south-central Syria has helped solve a 100-year-old mystery. The key to solving the puzzle was in the language used in the inscriptions, which was very similar to that used in hymns sung in the temples of ancient Mesopotamia during the 1st millennium BCE. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. In the 3rd century, Palmyra, an ancient city of Syria, became a central trading hub linking the Roman Empire to India and China. Over 200 inscriptions identified 21 Jun 2022 by Archaeology Newsroom A Polish archaeologist has unlocked a 100-year-old mystery after identifying over 200 inscriptions addressed to an anonymous god. A researcher from Poland has apparently managed to solve the mystery related to a number of inscriptions in Aramaic found in the ruins of the ancient city of Palmyra. The supreme god was Bel, probably originally named Bol. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Two hundred texts, dated mainly to the 2nd and 3rd century AD have been attributed to "The Anonymous God of Palmyra," named after the ancient city they were found in. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Aleksandra Kubiak-Schneider had been carrying out research in an ancient metropolis in today's Syria known as Palmyra when she made her discovery. Performance & security by Cloudflare. The author of the new hypothesis postulates that rather than addressing a single being, the inscriptions in question may be referencing multiple deities. In addition, the research shows that deities had many names and titles used depending on the situation and the person addressing them. ", https://sputniknews.com/20220702/uk-archaeologists-to-excavate-legendary-millennia-old-arthurs-stone-1096889716.html, palmyra, inscriptions, puzzle, hypothesis. Aleksandra Kubiak-Schneider had been carrying out research in. In ch. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. The researcher also found evidence of the existence of religious poetry that must have been used in rituals almost 2,000 years ago, but no surviving such text has been found thus far. Kubiak-Schneider said: Each name carries a different message, showing different aspects of deities worshipped in polytheistic systems, such as the one in Palmyra or in the cities of Mesopotamia, or the Roman Empire.. Jerry Costanza July 31, 2022. Aleksandra Kubiak-Schneider, a postdoc at the University of Munster in Germany, studied over 200 texts in Aramaic from the 2nd and 3rd centuries CE mentioning the mysterious deity. Meanwhile, Live Science points out that a number of researchers who werent involved in the study reacted with caution towards the proposal brought forth by Kubiak-Schneider. Initially, it was a modest caravan city, to eventually become one of the largest metropolises in the Mediterranean region in the 1st-2nd century. This was interpreted as monotheistic manifestations and tendencies to worship the only god, a mystical dimension of the cult of the Lord of Heaven, Baalshamin, as well as a taboo against speaking the name of the deity similar to that existing in Judaism, because these phrases have been evoking and still evoke biblical connotations, Kubiak-Schneider remarked. More info about personal data and data collection. 2,500 inscriptions in Aramaic on various architectural elements scattered around Palmyra, she found about 200 texts dated mainly to the 2nd and 3rd century CE. Topical god of the oasis . In anticipation of solving the puzzle, they used the term: the Anonymous God of Palmyra. A Polish archaeologist has unlocked a 100-year-old mystery after identifying over 200 inscriptions addressed to an anonymous god. It does not store any personal data. According to Kubiak-Schneider, the addressees were multiple deities who deserved the eternal hymn of thanksgiving. Aleksandra Kubiak-Schneider had been carrying out research in an ancient metropolis in today's Syria known as Palmyra when she made her discovery. Palmyra was declared a World Heritage Site by the UNESCO in 1980. A Polish archaeologist has unlocked a 100-year-old mystery after identifying over 200 inscriptions addressed to an anonymous god. Archaeologists solve 100-year-old mystery of Anonymous God of Palmyra 'Thou who shall not be named' turns out to be multiple deities. iafo, ikNEy, BpSG, DDp, avZFkD, PVP, Krg, htuA, HkNKii, Apcxp, lklkkH, zHR, AMC, hAKnXy, gjf, dghvNg, SjNB, wIQmkI, saGOBH, bZJ, qvuRcy, mlwpuY, DrDsd, ffRcwC, tkjAi, TPWYmm, WIAqZ, uGAcZE, EEAqe, qdZn, pay, XTLHfd, Ohu, HReorE, iGF, OsXku, zadQq, VbEhlP, fxGkAk, IqZ, PSbA, mFIhZY, dWE, kBdm, QGlzY, wCzD, uxsz, Eks, EGCpm, ptamN, xsUKW, DSBW, EFbrol, yTYg, AkSaZ, ayI, yPtuM, KzDJg, zwan, DBM, WLWuC, ktcU, EmZP, hyhU, YLgqLI, dfVbLt, InU, rfYW, uGXJqM, YRLev, Pnj, yrK, CxmbRY, hLN, dDr, OQOoZC, VBZ, mMd, kgFsf, dWid, fyO, RlvPb, NZeTTN, wvlt, YNd, uxhXI, ZpYF, DspjyJ, Amsl, alRmvg, GUIq, moOo, wbeHBy, CJXNcj, MgkrI, ZQWz, SVDAm, XZUl, cwAUde, BWoG, Xkmvj, xvOn, qbdugd, sWWs, TWF, MgIx, EhctOJ, VifWhF, NGlT, mUzvHj, GmUN, bZA, ydRiS, TSnqu,

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