Thus began the Second Punic War, declared by Rome and conducted, on the Carthaginian side, almost entirely by Hannibal. The last major battle of the Second Punic War resulted in a loss of respect for Hannibal by his fellow Carthaginians. Historians such as Serge Lancel have questioned the reliability of the figures for the number of troops that he had when he left Hispania. Gill is a Latinist, writer, and teacher of ancient history and Latin. Antiochus met defeat at the Battle of Magnesia and was forced to accept Rome's terms, and Hannibal fled again, making a stop in the Kingdom of Armenia. [87], Appian wrote of a prophecy about Hannibal's death, which stated that "Libyssan earth shall cover Hannibal's remains." Carthaginian political will was embodied in the ruling oligarchy. Matyszak writes: In the field, Hannibal remained umatched. Therefore, the Romans pre-emptively invaded the Po region in 225BC. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/how-did-hannibal-die-118901. [33] Recent numismatic evidence suggests that Hannibal's army may have passed within sight of the Matterhorn. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. Hannibal had now disposed of the only field force that could check his advance upon Rome, but he realized that, without siege engines, he could not hope to take the capital. This article is about the television series version of the character. There was a Carthaginian Senate, but the real power was with the inner "Council of 30 Nobles" and the board of judges from ruling families known as the "Hundred and Four". He was pardoned in 1730 because of his skills in military engineering. Biggie Smalls was killed on March 9, 1997, after he was shot four times in a. Most recently, W. C. Mahaney has argued Col de la Traversette closest fits the records of ancient authors. What became her or her son is not known. With their foremost general defeated, the Carthaginians had no choice but to surrender. Thus Hannibal continued his self-laudation, but flattered Scipio in an indirect manner by suggesting that he had conquered one who was the superior of Alexander. Scipio was rather nettled by this, but nevertheless he asked Hannibal to whom he would give the third place, expecting that at least the third would be assigned to him; but Hannibal replied, "to myself; for when I was a young man I conquered Hispania and crossed the Alps with an army, the first after Hercules.". . Hannibal Oliver passed away at age 81 years old in May 1964. The Romans appointed Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus as their dictator. Starting in the spring of 218BC, he crossed the Pyrenees and reached the Rhne by conciliating the Gaulish chiefs along his passage before the Romans could take any measures to bar his advance, arriving at the Rhne in September. During this time, he lived at the Seleucid court, where he acted as military advisor to Antiochus III the Great in his war against Rome. Departing from Roman military traditions, Fabius adopted the strategy named after him, avoiding open battle while placing several Roman armies in Hannibal's vicinity in order to watch and limit his movements. Shopworker Cerys Yemm, 22, was allegedly murdered by 34-year-old . Hannibal's strategy of presenting himself as a liberator worked and a number of cities chose to side with him against Rome while his victories on the field continued to swell his ranks with new recruits. Hasdrubal, recognizing that Spain was a lost cause, crossed the Alps to join Hannibal in Italy for a united attack on Rome. But he was yet greater in logistics and strategy. to another dimension to wage war together. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest military commanders in history. From the death of his father in 229/228 until his own death about 183, Hannibals life was one of near constant struggle against the Roman Republic. This strategy was unpopular with many Romans, who believed that it was a form of cowardice. He married a Spanish princess, Imilce, and then conquered various Spanish tribes. Veterans and new recruits alike refused pay in order to defend the city. Childhood and youth When Hannibal was about 9 years old, he vowed to remain an enemy of Rome for the rest of his life. In 219 B.C., Hannibal of Carthage led an attack on Saguntum, an independent city allied with Rome, which sparked the outbreak of the Second Punic War. In his first few years in Italy, he won a succession of victories at the Battle of the Trebia, Lake Trasimene, and Cannae, inflicting heavy losses on the Romans. [77] Hannibal went on to serve Prusias in this war. Hannibal not only perceived this as a breach of the treaty signed with Hasdrubal, but as he was already planning an attack on Rome, this was his way to start the war. Other sources report that Hannibal told his father, "I swear so soon as age will permitI will use fire and steel to arrest the destiny of Rome. Hannibal Berryman died in 1888 in Maldon. [61] His arrival immediately restored the predominance of the war party, which placed him in command of a combined force of African levies and his mercenaries from Italy. During the war there are no reports of revolutions among the Roman citizens, no factions within the Senate desiring peace, no pro-Carthaginian Roman turncoats, no coups. Hannibal was not from Ancient Rome. Hannibal was right, however; his troops were exhausted after Cannae and he had neither elephants nor siege engines to take the city. and was succeeded by his son-in-law Hasdrubal, who made the young Hannibal an officer in the Carthaginian army. He had no siege machines and no elephants to take any of the cities and so relied on his image as liberator to try to coax the cities over to his side. Please note that some of these recommendations are listed under our old name, Ancient History Encyclopedia. Thus did they, in a manner worthy of great commanders, cast aside their enmity at the end of their wars. Depending upon the source, it is estimated that 50,00070,000 Romans were killed or captured. Their troops bolstered his army back to around 40,000 men. In the story, Hannibal's father took him up and brought him to a sacrificial chamber. [9] Modern historians occasionally refer to Hannibal's brothers as Hasdrubal Barca and Mago Barca to distinguish them from the multitudes of other Carthaginians named Hasdrubal and Mago,[citation needed] but this practice is ahistorical and is rarely applied to Hannibal. . Fabius chose war.[18]. Livy states that the Seleucid king consulted Hannibal on the strategic concerns of making war on Rome. Despite his brilliance early in his invasion of Italy, Hannibal didn't always make the best possible decision. In 219 Hannibal attacked Saguntum, an independent Iberian city south of the Ebro River. Hannibal Hamlin died on July 4, 1891 at the age of 81. [19] Silius suggests a Greek origin for Imilce, but Gilbert Charles-Picard argued for a Punic heritage based on an etymology from the Semitic root m-l-k ('chief, the 'king'). Hannibal Hamlin died on July 4, 1891 at the age of 81. Who was Hannibal of Carthage's Father? Hannibal, in the meantime, was forced to continue his previous strategy of striking at Rome in quickly orchestrated engagements, and trying to win city-states to his cause, without being able to take any city by storm. Even so, he continued to do his best for his people throughout his life and remained true to the vow he had taken when young; to the end, he remained an enemy of Rome and his name would be remembered as Rome's greatest adversary for generations - and even to the present day. [71] The following month Hannibal's fleet clashed with the Rhodian navy in the Battle of Side. According to Livy, Varro was a man of reckless and hubristic nature and it was his turn to command on the day of battle. Start your free trial today. The Romans, who had sent envoys to Carthage in protest (though they did not send an army to help Saguntum), after its fall demanded the surrender of Hannibal. Marble bust of Hannibal Barca, ca. Hannibal was born into a prestigious Carthaginian family in 247 BC, as the First Punic War (264-241 BC) was drawing to a close. His younger brothers were Mago and Hasdrubal; his brother-in-law was Hasdrubal the Fair, who commanded other Carthaginian armies. In honor of his great victory, Scipio was given the name Africanus. Hannibal was allowed to stay in Carthage and, for a time became an influential politician there. Mark has lived in Greece and Germany and traveled through Egypt. Gill, N.S. Books As Scipio saw that he was likely to prolong his self-laudation he said, laughing, "where would you place yourself, Hannibal, if you had not been defeated by me?" In 210 BC, the Romans entered into an alliance with the Aetolian League to counter Philip V of Macedon. He later served King Prusias of Bithynia in another unsuccessful war against the Roman ally King Eumenes II of Pergamum. Hannibal decided that it would be unwise to winter in the already devastated lowlands of Campania, but Fabius had trapped him there by ensuring that all the exit passes were blocked. His following campaign in 220 BC was against the Vaccaei to the west, where he stormed the Vaccaen strongholds of Helmantice and Arbucala. [4] It is equivalent to the fellow Semitic Hebrew name Haniel. And each day, Bennie Howard arrived at the restaurant at 11 a.m., to start washing the dishes. Sought for arrest by the Roman Senate, he lived the rest of his life one step ahead of the Empire. Antiochus, fearing Hannibal's reputation, put him in charge of a naval war against Rhodes. Did you know? In northern Italy in 208 B.C., Roman forces defeated an army of reinforcements led by Hannibals brother Hasdrubal, who had crossed the Alps in an attempt to come to Hannibals aid. Battle of Cannae - Initial DeploymentThe Department of History, United States Military Academy (Public Domain). He took his son-in-law Hasdrubal the Fair (l. c. 270-221 BCE) with him as well as Hannibal, then only nine years old, and would later send for Hannibal's younger brother Hasdrubal Barca (l. c. 244-207 BCE). In 218 BC, Hannibal attacked Saguntum (modern Sagunto, Spain), an ally of Rome, in Hispania, sparking the Second Punic War. So, how much is Hannibal Coons worth at the age of 68 years old? It is clear that Hannibal emerged as a successful officer, for, on the assassination of Hasdrubal in 221, the army proclaimed him, at age 26, its commander in chief, and the Carthaginian government quickly ratified his field appointment. Although Phoenician territories like Tyre and Sidon possessed the necessary combination of raw materials, technical expertise, and experienced personnel, it took much longer than expected for it to be completed, most likely due to wartime shortages. You may be looking for the character from the novels and films. Abraham is famous for trusting God to bear him at such a late stage in life, and he continued trusting him for another 75 years. The Romans feared and hated him so much that they could not do him justice. He died the same year as Hannibal at the age of 53. Hannibal is generally regarded as one of the best military strategists and tacticians of all time, the double envelopment at Cannae an enduring legacy of tactical brilliance. Died at 3 months old. He drew off 15,000 Roman soldiers, but the siege continued and Capua fell. Will lives in a farm house in Wolf Trap, Virginia, where he shares . But his greatest read more, Greek philosophy and rhetoric moved fully into Latin for the first time in the speeches, letters and dialogues of Cicero (106-43 B.C. [citation needed], Hannibal quartered his troops for the winter with the Gauls, whose support for him had abated. He had not expected Hannibal to make an attempt to cross the Alps, since the Romans were prepared to fight the war in the Iberian Peninsula. Mischa existed. Hannibal's father, Hamilcar Barca, was a leading Carthaginian . [107], Military academies all over the world continue to study Hannibal's exploits, especially his victory at Cannae.[108]. [64], The principal beneficiaries of these financial peculations had been the oligarchs of the Hundred and Four. His campaign across the Alps, unthinkable even in his day, won him the grudging admiration of his enemies and enduring fame ever since. Mark, Joshua J.. With his forces depleted by the harsh Alpine crossing, Hannibal met the powerful army of the Roman general Publius Cornelius Scipio on the plains west of the Ticino River. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Count Alfred von Schlieffen developed his "Schlieffen Plan" (1905/1906) from his military studies, including the envelopment technique that Hannibal employed in the Battle of Cannae. So that explains how the show is using this part of Hannibal's life. Some of the Romans, seeing a moving column of lights, were tricked into believing it was the Carthaginian army marching to escape along the heights. Hannibal was recalled from Italy to meet this threat and the two forces met on the field in 202 BCE at the Battle of Zama. I thought perhaps this could have been Hannibal's Army but as you have written Hannibal came 100 years later. 8. One, he could march down Italy's east coast and travel quickly along with the dry and flat land. Steve Garfinkel. Publius Cornelius Scipio was the consul who commanded the Roman force sent to intercept Hannibal (he was also the father of Scipio Africanus). Hannibal was certain he would scatter these Romans easily with an elephant charge but Scipio used his front line as a screen for a very different kind of formation: instead of the closely-packed configuration presenting a horizontal front across the line (the formation Hannibal saw from his position) he arranged his troops in vertical rows behind the front line. The terms of the treaty were quite modest, but the war had been long for the Romans. argue that factors used by De Beer to support Col de la Traversette including "gauging ancient place names against modern, close scrutiny of times of flood in major rivers and distant viewing of the Po plains" taken together with "massive radiocarbon and microbiological and parasitical evidence" from the alluvial sediments either side of the pass furnish "supporting evidence, proof if you will" that Hannibal's invasion went that way. The son of a great military leader, he escaped family intrigues to take the throne, but his read more, The three Punic Wars between Carthage and Rome took place over nearly a century, beginning in 264 B.C. He died in 183 BCE by drinking poison. Pausanias wrote that Hannibal's death occurred after his finger was wounded by his drawn sword while mounting his horse, resulting in a fever and then his death three days later. at a young age. Realizing that Hannibal probably planned to cross the Alps, Scipio returned to northern Italy to await him. As a result, Hannibal fought no more major battles in Italy for the rest of the war. Sought for arrest by the Roman Senate, he lived the rest of his life one step ahead of the Empire. Whatever the reason, the choice prompted Maharbal to say, "Hannibal, you know how to gain a victory, but not how to use one."[55]. [67] The Carthaginian general also advised equipping a fleet and landing a body of troops in the south of Italy, offering to take command himself. As Polybius recounts, "he [Hannibal] calculated that, if he passed the camp and made a descent into the district beyond, Flaminius (partly for fear of popular reproach and partly of personal irritation) would be unable to endure watching passively the devastation of the country but would spontaneously follow him and give him opportunities for attack. [20] Silius also suggests the existence of a son,[21] who is otherwise not attested by Livy, Polybius, or Appian. In the spring of 216BC, Hannibal took the initiative and seized the large supply depot at Cannae in the Apulian plain. Hannibal still won a number of notable victories: completely destroying two Roman armies in 212BC, and killing two consuls (including the famed Marcus Claudius Marcellus) in a battle in 208BC. Born Phyllis, "Bella" Crawford begins the Hannibal series having been diagnosed with terminal lung cancer. in Carthage (now the territory of Tunisia). Hannibal's army numbered 38,000 infantry, 8,000 cavalry, and 38 elephants, almost none of which would survive the harsh conditions of the Alps.[32]. Hannibal (also known as Hannibal Barca, l. 247-183 BCE) was a Carthaginian general during the Second Punic War between Carthage and Rome (218-202 BCE). For years after his death, whenever a disaster came up, Romans would show their fear by exclaiming "Hannibal is at the gates!". Hannibal Hamlin was born on August 27, 1809 and died on July 4, 1891. Livy speaks of his great qualities, but he adds that his vices were equally great, among which he singles out his more than Punic perfidy and an inhuman cruelty. At the end of this conversation Hannibal invited Scipio to be his guest, and Scipio replied that he would be so gladly if Hannibal were not living with Antiochus, who was held in suspicion by the Romans. He was then 65 years old. These two bodies came from the wealthy, commercial families of Carthage. By Livy's account, the crossing was accomplished in the face of huge difficulties. Two political factions operated in Carthage: the war party, also known as the "Barcids" (Hannibal's family name), and the peace party led by Hanno II the Great. Hunt responds to this by proposing that Hannibal's Celtic guides purposefully misguided the Carthaginian general. The Department of History, United States Military Academy (GNU FDL). For the next 8 years Hannibal studied under his brother-in-law Hasdrubal the Fair. Even Cicero, when he talked of Rome and its two great enemies, spoke of the "honourable" Pyrrhus and the "cruel" Hannibal. Scipio was severely injured, his life only saved by the bravery of his son who rode back onto the field to rescue his fallen father. The Carthaginian cavalry had now closed the gap behind and the forces of Rome were completely surrounded. Hannibal Barca, a legendary warrior and general from ancient Carthage, fought the Roman Republic during the Punic Wars. How old is Hannibal Lecter in Hannibal? Shaka kaSenzangakhona, Zulu king and founder of the Zulu empire, was murdered by his two half-brothers Dingane and Mhlangana at kwaDukuza in 1828one date given is September 24. Fearing the possibility of an assassination attempt by his Gallic allies, Hannibal had a number of wigs made, dyed to suit the appearance of persons differing widely in age, and kept constantly changing them, so that any would-be assassins wouldn't recognize him. Later, he returned to Carthage, where he led his forces less successfully. To avoid that, he first tried to escape: Hannibal said, "Let us ease the Romans of theircontinual dread and care, who think it long and tedious to await thedeath of a hated old man," and then drank poison, which he may have kept hidden under a gem on a ring. [45] From the start, he seems to have calculated that he would have to operate without aid from Hispania. Despite his brilliant military prowess, his political skills and his read more, The Roman politician and general Mark Antony (8330 B.C. His flight ended in the court of Bithynia. The Carthaginian forces fell back evenly, drawing the Romans further and further into their lines, and then the light infantry moved to either end of the crescent formation and the heavy infantry advanced to the front. Hannibal's commander of the cavalry, Maharbal, encouraged Hannibal to attack anyway, confident they could win the war at this point when the Roman army was in disarray and the people in a panic. Hannibal invaded Italy by crossing the Alps with North African war elephants. No surviving ancient biography makes him the subject, and Hannibal slips in and out of focus according to the emphasis that other authors give his deeds and character. and he tried to take measures against corruption. When Antiochus was defeated by the Romans at Magnesia in 189 BCE, Hannibal knew that he would be surrendered to Rome as part of the terms and again took flight. They appointed a younger general, Minucius Rufus (dates unknown), as co-commander as Rufus was confident he could defeat Hannibal and bring peace back to the region. Those tactics earned Fabius the nickname Cunctator, or "the Delayer", saved Rome after a series of massive . Placing them forward of the wings allowed them room to fall back, luring the Romans after them, while the cavalry on the flanks dealt with their Roman counterparts. During this same time, in Rome, the charges against Scipio had disgusted him so much that he retreated to his estate outside the city and left orders in his will that he be buried there instead of in Rome. Later he moved on to become a counselor to Antiochus II, King of Ephesus. In March 212BC, Hannibal captured Tarentum in a surprise attack but he failed to obtain control of its harbour. He was born in what is present day northern Tunisia, one of many Mediterranean regions colonised by the Canaanites from their homelands in Phoenicia, a region corresponding with the Mediterranean coasts of modern Lebanon and Syria. In 203BC, after nearly fifteen years of fighting in Italy and with the military fortunes of Carthage rapidly declining, Hannibal was recalled to Carthage to direct the defence of his native country against a Roman invasion under Scipio Africanus. Appian writes that it was Prusias who poisoned Hannibal. He shrewdly combined military read more, Julius Caesar was a renowned general, politician and scholar inancient Rome who conquered the vast region of Gaul and helped initiate the end of the Roman Republic when he became dictator of the Roman Empire. Thank you! Hannibal occupied most of southern Italy for 15 years. Hanno had been instrumental in denying Hannibal's requested reinforcements following the battle at Cannae. ThoughtCo, Jul. When Phormio finished a discourse on the duties of a general, Hannibal was asked his opinion. In 208 BCE, he defeated Hasdrubal at the Battle of Baecula using the same tactic Hannibal had at Cannae. He quickly took the Carthaginian city of Utica and marched on toward Carthage. When word reached Rome of Hannibal's maneuver, however, they were quick to act and sent the general Scipio (father of Scipio Africanus the Elder, who accompanied him) to intercept. Hannibal arranged his army in a crescent, placing his light infantry of Gauls at the front and center with the heavy infantry behind them and light and heavy cavalry on the wings. Hannibal then marched to the Roman supply depot of Cannae, which he took easily, and then gave his men time to rest. The conditions of defeat were such that Carthage could no longer battle for Mediterranean supremacy. [13] Among the dead were Roman consul Lucius Aemilius Paullus, two consuls for the preceding year, two quaestors, 29 of the 48 military tribunes, and an additional eighty senators (at a time when the Roman Senate was composed of no more than 300 men, this constituted 25%30% of the governing body). de Beer, S. G., 1969, Hannibal: Challenging Rome's supremacy, Viking, New York, NY. Hannibal's influence on Rome is impossible to doubt. Hannibal marched boldly around Flaminius' left flank, unable to draw him into battle by mere devastation, and effectively cut him off from Rome (thus executing the first recorded turning movement in military history). As they moved off in pursuit of this decoy, Hannibal managed to move his army in complete silence through the dark lowlands and up to an unguarded pass. Web. Many years after their last battles had been fought, Hannibal Barca and Publius Cornelius Scipio came face to face in the neutral city of Ephesus, on the then Greek shore of what is today Turkey. Hannibal. He is best known for leading his army and war elephants through the Alps north of Italy to reign havoc down upon the Romans. When Hannibal launched his elephant charge, Scipio's front line simply moved aside and the elephants ran harmlessly down the alleys between the Roman troops who then killed their handlers and turned the elephants around to crush the ranks of the Carthaginians; Hannibal was defeated and the Second Punic War was over. Updated on February 27, 2019. Youth (247-219) Melqart (Heracles) on a coin of Hannibal, perhaps with his own features Hannibal Hamlin died on July 4, 1891 at the age of 81. Dingane assumed the throne after the assassination. A street in Carthage, located near the Punic ports, bears his name; as does as a station on the TGM railway line: "Carthage Hannibal". Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. Yet a different picture sometimes emerges. When the garrison mobilized to march out and meet Hannibal in battle, however, they found only cattle with torches tied on their horns and Hannibal's army had slipped away through the pass the Romans had left untended. 4 - He Lost His Eye Early in his Invasion of Italy. oh btw i recommend to search for the story of the carthage founder elissa a great myth :D. To answer questions about Pride of Carthage , please sign up . He marched on Rome to force the recall of the Roman armies. All Rights Reserved. [36] Biostratigraphic archaeological data has reinforced the case for Col de la Traversette; analysis of peat bogs near watercourses on both sides of the pass's summit showed that the ground was heavily disturbed "by thousands, perhaps tens of thousands, of animals and humans" and that the soil bore traces of unique levels of Clostridia bacteria associated with the digestive tract of horses and mules. How old was Hannibal Hamlin at death? "The Traversette rockfall: geomorphological reconstruction and importance in interpreting classical history." [46] The victory was minor, but it encouraged the Gauls and Ligurians to join the Carthaginian cause. The Roman cavalry won an early victory by swiftly routing the Carthaginian horse and because standard Roman tactics for limiting the effectiveness of the Carthaginian war elephants were successful, including playing trumpets to frighten the elephants into running into the Carthaginian lines. Gnaeus Servilius and Gaius Flaminius (the new consuls of Rome) were expecting Hannibal to advance on Rome, and they took their armies to block the eastern and western routes that Hannibal could use. Corrections? Hannibal, by skilful manoeuvres, was in position to head him off, for he lay on the direct road between Placentia and Arminum, by which Sempronius would have to march to reinforce Scipio. The Romans, led by Fabius Maximus, avoided heavy confrontation with him, instead waging a war of attrition. This famous episode perfectly reflects Hannibal's . A counter-invasion of North Africa, led by Roman General Scipio Africanus, forced him to return to Carthage. How Hannibal's Successes Turned to Failure. The business, which catered to shoe factory clientele, operated two shifts, one at 11 a.m. and the other at noon. Teaching Company, "Great Courses" series. Under the leadership of Scipios son-in-law, also named Publius Cornelius Scipio, and his fellow general Quintus Fabius Maximus, the Romans soon began to rally. Hannibal, however, could make no move on Rome because he lacked siege engines and reinforcements for his army. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. 2004. The heavy fines imposed on defeated Carthage by Rome, intended to cripple the city, were easily paid owing to the reforms Hannibal initiated. Hannibal (/hnbl/; Punic: , annibal; 247 between 183 and 181BC) was a Carthaginian general and statesman who commanded the forces of Carthage in their battle against the Roman Republic during the Second Punic War. [24] In his first campaign, Hannibal attacked and stormed the Olcades' strongest centre, Alithia, which promptly led to their surrender, and brought Punic power close to the River Tagus. pp. P.126128, Benz, Franz L. 1982. When Hannibal refused, Maharbal said, "You know how to win a victory, Hannibal, but you do not know how to use it." No captain ever marched to and fro among so many armies of troops superior to his own numbers and material as fearlessly and skilfully as he. However, Hannibal slowly began losing groundinadequately supported by his Italian allies, abandoned by his government (either because of jealousy or simply because Carthage was overstretched), and unable to match Rome's resources. [111][112] George S. Patton believed himself a reincarnation of Hannibalas well as of many other people, including a Roman legionary and a Napoleonic soldier. His army grew steadily with new recruits until he had 50,000 infantry and 9,000 cavalry by the time he reached the Alps. Mahaney et al. Net Worth in 2022. Controversy has surrounded the details of Hannibals movements after the crossing of the Rhne. Polybius states that he crossed it while the river was still in one stream at a distance of four days march from the sea. On hearing, however, of his brother's defeat and death at the battle of the Metaurus, he retired to Calabria, where he maintained himself for the ensuing years. In the peace agreement that ended the Second Punic War, Carthage was allowed to keep only its territory in North Africa but lost its overseas empire permanently. Hearing of this, Hannibal fled Carthage for Tyre in B.C.E. $1 Million - $5 Million. When she died, no one had an accounting of how many paintings she had completed during her long life. He then captured Clastidium, from which he drew large amounts of supplies for his men. After a string of victories, the most notable coming at Cannae in 216 B.C., Hannibal had gained a foothold in southern Italy, but declined to mount an attack on Rome itself. Hannibal, (born 247 bce, North Africadied c. 183181 bce, Libyssa, Bithynia [near Gebze, Turkey]), Carthaginian general, one of the great military leaders of antiquity, who commanded the Carthaginian forces against Rome in the Second Punic War (218201 bce) and who continued to oppose Rome and its satellites until his death. Hannibal's wings were composed of the Gallic and Numidian cavalry. Picture: Getty How did Biggie Smalls die? This, he wrote, made Hannibal believe that he would die in Libya, but instead, it was at the Bithynian Libyssa that he would die. World History Encyclopedia is a non-profit organization. Hannibal may have started from Cartagena with an army of around 90,000including an estimated 12,000 cavalrybut he left at least 20,000 soldiers in Spain to protect his supply lines. We watched the DVD 'Alexander the Great' last night and I was interested to find a link between him and Hannibal. P.174. Why do aquinas and pope Gregory . Hannibal capitalized on the eagerness of the Romans and drew them into a trap by using an envelopment tactic. The Greek historian Polybius (l. c. 208-125 BCE) writes how Hannibal's father invited him to join an expedition to Spain when the boy was around nine years old. What would Will/Hannibal do if the other died? https://www.thoughtco.com/how-did-hannibal-die-118901 (accessed December 12, 2022). The victim of a 'Hannibal Lecter' killer who 'ate her face' had only met him hours prior to the horrific attack, it emerged today. Hannibal was distinguished for his ability to determine both his and his opponent's respective strengths and weaknesses, and to plan battles accordingly. Hannibal's father, Hamilcar Barca, was a leading Carthaginian general during the First Punic War. There is no doubt, as Bradford also notes, that had Hannibal "been fighting against any other nation in the ancient worldhis overwhelming victories would have brought them to their knees and to an early capitulation" (210) but the cause of Hannibal's defeat was just as much the fault of the Carthaginian elite who refused to support the general and his troops who were fighting for their cause. When Hannibal's successes had brought about the death of two Roman consuls, he vainly searched for the body of Gaius Flaminius on the shores of Lake Trasimene, held ceremonial rituals in recognition of Lucius Aemilius Paullus, and sent Marcellus' ashes back to his family in Rome. Exactly why they decided to do this is unclear except for their disappointment in him following defeat at Zama and simple jealousy over his abilitites. As his veterans melted away, he had to organize fresh levies on the spot. Hannibal constantly sought reinforcements from either Iberia or North Africa. "[50] At the same time, Hannibal tried to break the allegiance of Rome's allies by proving that Flaminius was powerless to protect them. Israel and Hellas: Sacred institutions with Roman counterparts. In 205 BCE he landed his forces and allied himself with the Numidian King Masinissa. He was the son of Hamilcar Barca (ca. Scipio, only 24 years old at the time, volunteered. He was a Carthaginian. (2018, March 29). As a boy, Hannibal's father commanded him "to swear that he would never be a friend to Rome". She decides she doesn't want to deteriorate due to the effects of chemotherapy, and her refusal of treatment causes a rift with her husband Jack, who understandably doesn't want to lose her. At his own request, Hannibal was buried in Libyssa in Bithynia. The Carthaginian general Hannibal Barca committed suicide in poetic fashion in 183 BC after being exiled to Bithynia (a region in northern Turkey) after the Second Punic War. Sometimes he contrasts most favorably with his enemy. Fabius understood that Hannibal was no common adversary, however, and still refused to engage. Hannibal had his men tie burning torches to the horns of a herd of cattle and drive them up the heights nearby. This situation led to the night Battle of Ager Falernus. Freud then associates this phenomenon with the adage "All roads lead to Rome". On leaving, the father is said to have made his nine-year-old son, Hannibal, take an oath at an altar "never to be a . When Hannibal's father, Hamilcar Barca, was preparing to leave for Spain, he took his nine-year-old son to a temple in Carthage and had him swear an oath of eternal hostility towards Rome. Polybius and Livy, whose histories of Rome are the main Latin sources regarding his life, claimed that Hannibals father, the great Carthaginian general Hamilcar Barca, brought his son to Spain (a region he had begun to conquer around 237 B.C.) Similarly, when his conqueror Scipio died his house was found to be a simple, turreted fort with a set of old-fashioned baths. The commercial interests of the Carthaginian oligarchy dictated the reinforcement and supply of Iberia rather than Hannibal throughout the campaign. The Romans, continuing in their traditional formation with their well-rehearsed tactics, continued to press forward but now they were only pushing those in the front lines into the killing machine of the Carthaginian heavy infantry. [78] Hannibal also went on to defeat Eumenes in two other battles on land. The most influential modern theories favour either a march up the valley of the Drme and a crossing of the main range to the south of the modern highway over the Col de Montgenvre or a march farther north up the valleys of the Isre and Arc crossing the main range near the present Col de Mont Cenis or the Little St Bernard Pass. These wars were fought between the cities of Carthage in North Africa and Rome in northern Italy for supremacy in the Mediterranean region and the second war resulted directly from the first. [1], In the spring of 217BC, Hannibal decided to find a more reliable base of operations farther south. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included. Definition, Tactics, and Examples, Book 39: The Bacchanalia in Rome and Italy, M.A., Linguistics, University of Minnesota. According to the military historian Theodore Ayrault Dodge, Hannibal excelled as a tactician. Discover Hannibal Hamlin Death Couch in Bangor, Maine: Abraham Lincoln's vice president took his last breath here on July 4, 1891. [54], The Romans and allied legions resolved to confront Hannibal and marched southward to Apulia. About Hannibal's physical appearance we are ignorant, apart from a few idealized portraits on contemporary coins. He then sent word to Carthage for more men and supplies, especially siege engines, but his request was denied. is one of the most important figures of the Ancient Greek world and the entire history of Western thought. Following the First Punic War the treaty between Carthage and Rome stipulated that Carthage could continue to occupy regions in Spain as long as they maintained the steady tribute they now owed to Rome and remained in certain areas. According to the treaty that ended the First Punic War, the Ebro River was the northernmost border of Carthages influence in Spain; though Saguntum was south of the Ebro, it was allied with Rome, which saw Hannibals attack as an act of war. The combination of these events marked the end to Hannibal's success in Italy. And he died at a ge 175 ( Genesis 25:7 ). Carthage at the time was in such a poor state that it lacked a navy able to transport his army; instead, Hamilcar had to march his forces across Numidia towards the Pillars of Hercules and then cross the Strait of Gibraltar. Hannibal attempted to lift the siege with an assault on the Roman siege lines but failed. 2022 A&E Television Networks, LLC. Hannibal used coracles and boats locally commandeered; for the elephants he made jetties out into the river and floated the elephants from those on earth-covered rafts. Although Hannibal is easily one of the most famous generals of antiquity, he remains a figure of some mystery. Barca is cognate with similar names for lightning found among the Israelites, Assyrians, Babylonians, Arameans, Amorites, Moabites, Edomites and other fellow Asiatic Semitic peoples. Hannibal's military genius was not enough to really disturb the Roman political process and the collective political and military capacity of the Roman people. The remainder of his life was spent as a statesman and then in voluntary exile at the courts of foreign kings. Once the Second Punic War ended with his return to Carthage, however, Hannibal became a wanted man. 01:53. Following the battle, Rome's survival seemed genuinely threatened. While there is some truth to this, Hannibal's ultimate defeat was brought about by his own people's weakness for luxury, wealth, and ease as much as by the Roman refusal to surrender after Cannae. He defended Hannibal's reputation for a time, but it became clear that the Senate would demand Hannibal's arrest. A brilliant lawyer and the first of his family to achieve Roman office, Cicero was one of the read more, Perhaps the most infamous of Romes emperors, Nero Claudius Caesar (37-68 A.D.) ruled Rome from 54 A.D. until his death by suicide 14 years later. Correspondingly, did Hannibal eat his sister? [8] Although they did not inherit the surname from their father, Hamilcar's progeny are collectively known as the Barcids. Hannibal Coons's income source is mostly from being a successful Writer. Family, friend, or fan, this family history biography is for you to remember Hannibal Berryman. [17] Hasdrubal also endeavoured to consolidate Carthaginian power through diplomatic relationships with the native tribes of Iberia and native Berbers of the North African coasts. Hannibal Barca (, Han'nibaru Baruka) was a famous Carthaginian military commander, who died in either 183 or 181 BC. For the winter, Hannibal found comfortable quarters in the Apulian plain. According to Polybius, it was a fertile densely populated triangle bounded by hills, by the Rhne, and by a river that is probably the Isre. Ray Liotta, the actor known for his roles in "Field of Dreams" and the Martin Scorsese mob classic "Goodfellas," has died. He died in 182 B.C., and he is considered one of the world's greatest military commanders to have ever lived. Hannibal started the war without the full backing of Carthaginian oligarchy. World History Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. Varro believed he was facing an opponent like any of the others Roman legions had defeated in the past and was confident that the strength of the Roman force would break the Carthaginian line; this was precisely the conclusion Hannibal hoped he would reach. They eventually found him on the left bank of the Aufidus River, and encamped 10km (6mi) away. [69] Hannibal was tasked with building a fleet in Cilicia from scratch. If he had a son, he died young. Leaving his brother, also named Hasdrubal, to protect Carthages interests in Spain and North Africa, Hannibal assembled a massive army, including (according to Polybius probably exaggerated figures) as many as 90,000 infantry, 12,000 cavalry and nearly 40 elephants. He is buried alongside his parents in Northview Cemetery in Dearborn, Michigan. By capturing Cannae, Hannibal had placed himself between the Romans and their crucial sources of supply. Hannibal's forces moved through the Po Valley and were engaged in the Battle of Ticinus. Aug. 29, 2015. Fabius' tactic of refusing to meet Hannibal in open battle was beginning to wear on the Romans who demanded direct action. Leaving his brother Hasdrubal in command of a considerable army for the defense of Spain and North Africa, he crossed the Ebro in April or May 218 and then marched into the Pyrenees. He was 67. In the summer of the following year, 16 Roman legionsclose to 80,000 soldiers, an army said to be twice the size of Hannibalsconfronted the Carthaginians near the town of Cannae. [113][114] Norman Schwarzkopf Jr., the commander of the Coalition of the Gulf War of 19901991, claimed, "The technology of war may change, the sophistication of weapons certainly changes. He was 65 years old. It is believed that Hannibal died in Gebze, Turkey, possibly of a prolonged fever after injuring his finger with a sword while he was mounting his horse. He is considered one of the greatest generals of antiquity and his tactics are still studied and used in the present day. The Romans used the attritional strategy that Fabius had taught them, which, they finally realized, was the only feasible means of defeating Hannibal. In Rome, Emperor Scipio was accused by the Senate of sympathizing with Hannibal. When the Romans advanced, the Carthaginians were able to hold their center and win the struggle at the sides, enveloping the enemy and cutting off the possibility of retreat by sending a cavalry charge across the rear. He learned how to be a leader and a general from his father. "[66], In the summer of 193 BC, tensions flared up between the Seleucids and Rome. However, he didn't die before resurrecting the old Anakin, even if for a brief moment. Of the 80,000 Roman soldiers who took the field that day, 44,000 were killed while Hannibal lost around 6,000 men. Eight years later, following Hasrubal's assassination, Hannibal was . Though the treaty concluding the Second Punic War put an end to Carthages status as an imperial power, Hannibal continued to pursue his lifelong dream of destroying Rome up until his death in 183 B.C. The precise year and cause of Hannibal's death are unknown. After the Roman annexation of Sardinia, Hamilcar was put in command of Carthaginian expansion in Spain. Thus he was hard to recognize, not just by those who saw him briefly, but even by those who knew him well. Hannibal lived during a period of great tension in the Mediterranean Basin, triggered by the emergence of the Roman Republic as a great power with its defeat of Carthage in the First Punic War. Rufus attacked Hannibal near the town of Gerione and was so badly defeated that Fabius had to save him and what was left of his troops from complete annihilation. As a result of this victory, many parts of Italy joined Hannibal's cause. Hasdrubal, recognizing that Spain was a lost cause, crossed the Alps to join Hannibal in Italy for a united attack on Rome. Constantly overmatched by better soldiers, led by generals always respectable, often of great ability, he yet defied all their efforts to drive him from Italy, for half a generation. Scipio defended Hannibal as an honorable man and kept the Romans from sending a delegation demanding his arrest but Hannibal understood it was only a matter of time before his own countrymen turned him over and so he fled the city in 195 BCE for Tyre and then moved on to Asia Minor where he was given the position of consultant to Antiochus III (the Great, r. 223-187 BCE) of the Seleucid Empire. Due to these brilliant tactics, Hannibal managed to surround and destroy all but a small remnant of his enemy, despite his own inferior numbers. 163-180, Livy History of Rome, Book 21 sections 3236. His most famous campaign took place during the Second Punic War (218-202), when he caught the Romans off guard by crossing the Alps. [117], The teenaged Sigmund Freud regarded Hannibal as a "hero"; the founder of psychoanalysis portrays an idealized image of the Carthaginian general in his analysis of his "dreams of Rome" in The Interpretation of Dreams. [79], At this stage, the Romans intervened and threatened Bithynia into giving up Hannibal. [64] According to Cicero, while at the court of Antiochus, Hannibal attended a lecture by Phormio, a philosopher, that ranged through many topics. [15], Hannibal's father went about the conquest of Hispania. He had indeed bitter enemies, and his life was one continuous struggle against destiny. Hannibal spent the winter of 219218 at Cartagena in active preparations for carrying the war into Italy. [88], Hannibal caused great distress to many in Roman society. By the spring of 217 B.C., he had advanced to the Arno River, where despite a victory at Lake Trasimene he declined to lead his exhausted forces against Rome itself. Last modified March 29, 2018. As a result, the Roman army was hemmed in with no means of escape. Hannibal assumed command of the troops following his father's death and led them victoriously through a number of engagements until he stood almost at the gates of Rome; at which point he was stopped, not by the Romans, but through a lack of resources to take the city. His father was Hamilcar Barca (l. 275-228 BCE), the great general of the First Punic War (264-241 BCE). In his written dialogues he conveyed and expanded on the ideas and techniques of his teacher Socrates. Afterwards, Fabius resigned his position and Rufus disappears from history. He gave Rufus half the army and invited him to do his best. This was the most costly ambush that the Romans ever sustained until the Battle of Carrhae against the Parthian Empire. Hannibal's chief cavalry commander, Maharbal, led the mobile Numidian cavalry on the right; they shattered the Roman cavalry opposing them. Suggested readings include annobaal,[3] annibal, or annibaal,[4][5] meaning "Baal/The lord is gracious", "Baal Has Been Gracious",[5][6] or "The Grace of Baal". With the failure of his brother Mago in Liguria (205203BC) and of his own negotiations with Phillip V, the last hope of recovering his ascendancy in Italy was lost. [35] Other scholars have doubts, proposing that Hannibal took the easier route across Petit Mount Cenis. Hannibal Oceja suffered a fatal cardiac arrest in. In 212 and 210 he took on the Romans and defeated them. Tunisia's home and away kit for the 2022 FIFA World Cup was inspired by the Ksour Essef cuirass, a piece of body armor believed to be worn by Carthaginian soldiers under the command of general Hannibal. Finding himself unable to escape, he killed himself by taking poison in the Bithynian village of Libyssa, probably around 183 B.C. When his father drowned[16] in battle, Hannibal's brother-in-law Hasdrubal the Fair succeeded to his command of the army with Hannibal (then 18 years old) serving as an officer under him. He was elected Suffete in 196 B.C. No battle in history is a finer sample of tactics than Cannae. It seems that the Romans lulled themselves into a false sense of security, having dealt with the threat of a Gallo-Carthaginian invasion, and perhaps knowing that the original Carthaginian commander had been killed. With a small detachment still positioned in Gaul, Scipio made an attempt to intercept Hannibal. Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University and University of Missouri. Please support World History Encyclopedia. His brothers-in-law were Hasdrubal the Fair and the Numidian king Naravas. The Roman defeat at Cannae stunned much of southern Italy, and many of Romes allies and colonies defected to the Carthaginian side. [110] According to Polybius 23, 13, p.423: It is a remarkable and very cogent proof of Hannibal's having been by nature a real leader and far superior to anyone else in statesmanship, that though he spent seventeen years in the field, passed through so many barbarous countries, and employed to aid him in desperate and extraordinary enterprises numbers of men of different nations and languages, no one ever dreamt of conspiring against him, nor was he ever deserted by those who had once joined him or submitted to him. [90], His legacy would be recorded by his Greek tutor, Sosylus of Lacedaemon. The Romans, meanwhile, had no idea of Hannibal's movements. P.313-314, Baier, Thomas. He replied, "I have seen during my life many old fools; but this one beats them all." Any variation from this rule consisted in ambuscades or other stratagems. The . World History Encyclopedia. Fabius' generals encouraged him to mount a night attack to support the garrison and crush the enemy between them but Fabius refused, believing that the garrison in place could easily prevent Hannibal from breaking out and would hold until morning. The war in Italy settled into a strategic stalemate. "[64][63], Seven years after the victory of Zama, the Romans, alarmed by Carthage's renewed prosperity and suspicious that Hannibal had been in contact with Antiochus III of the Seleucid Empire, sent a delegation to Carthage alleging that Hannibal was helping an enemy of Rome. As always, Hannibal spent time learning about his enemy, their strengths and weaknesses, and knew that Varro was eager for a fight and over-confident of success. According to a report on Hannibal's death in the Bedford Inquirer (May 17, 1865): Hannibal was the largest animal ever exhibited on this continent. He was born into a Carthaginian military family and made to swear hostility toward Rome. On Hannibal's possible last season, the show either ended on a major cliffhanger (literally) or went out with a splash This theory is often disputed though, and many scholars disagree with the story. Nothing is known of his mother and, although he was married at the time of some of his greatest victories, no records make mention of his wife other than her name, Imilce, and the fact that she bore him a son. Even the Roman chroniclers acknowledged Hannibal's supreme military leadership, writing that "he never required others to do what he could not and would not do himself". There he commanded Hannibal to lay his hand on the body of the sacrificial victim and to swear that he would never be a friend to Rome" (3:11). Rome's Bogeyman. [37] Radiocarbon dating secured dates of 2168 BP or c. 218 BC, the year of Hannibal's march. It seemed clear Hannibal was trying to break out of the trap. He was never able to bring about another grand decisive victory that could produce a lasting strategic change. With that in mind and supported by Gades, Hamilcar began the subjugation of the tribes of the Iberian Peninsula (Modern Spain and Portugal). Her net worth has been growing significantly in 2021-2022. 8384, "Any man who thinks he is the reincarnation of Hannibal or some such isn't quite possessed of all his buttons", quoted by, Snow Storm: Hannibal and his Army Crossing the Alps, "Biostratigraphic Evidence Relating to the Age-Old Question of Hannibal's Invasion of Italy, I: History and Geological Reconstruction", "Reconnaissance of the Hannibalic Route in the Upper Po Valley, Italy: Correlation with Biostratigraphic Historical Archaeological Evidence in the Upper Guil Valley, France", "Hannibal: The Last Hero of The Free World of Antiquity", "Le prototype d'une statue de Hannibal prsent au prsident de la Rpublique", "Tunisia 2022 World Cup Home & Away Kits Released", "The Price of Greed: Hannibal's Betrayal by Carthage", Hannibal's life by Cornelius Nepos, Latin transcription and translation to German, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hannibal&oldid=1126477222, General Commander-in-Chief of the Carthaginian army, This page was last edited on 9 December 2022, at 15:07. [54] The Roman legions forced their way through Hannibal's weak centre, but the Libyan mercenaries on the wings, swung around by the movement, menaced their flanks. For the latter there is, we believe, no more ground than that at certain crises he acted in the general spirit of ancient warfare. At age 26, Hannibal was given command of an army and immediately set out to consolidate Carthaginian control of Iberia. Hannibal Burress. Hannibals earliest commands were given to him in the Carthaginian province of Spain by Hasdrubal, son-in-law and successor of Hamilcar. Sulpicius Blitho[89] records the death under 181BC. He is best known for his debaucheries, political murders, persecution of Christians and a passion for music that led to the probably read more, The third of Romes emperors, Caligula (formally known as Gaius) achieved feats of waste and carnage during his four-year reign (A.D. 37-41) unmatched even by his infamous nephew Nero. The Roman consuls mounted another siege of Capua in 211BC, conquering the city. Scipio had studied Hannibal's tactics carefully in the same way that Hannibal had always taken pains to know his enemy and out-think his opponents. In the treaty between Rome and Carthage subsequent to the First Punic War (264241), the Ebro had been set as the northern limit of Carthaginian influence in the Iberian Peninsula. How old was Hannibal Hamlin at death? He moved to Lucania and destroyed a 16,000-man Roman army at the Battle of the Silarus, with 15,000 Romans killed. [43] According to Polybius, he arrived in Italy accompanied by 20,000 foot soldiers, 4,000 horsemen, and only a few elephants. Hannibal next defeated his enemies at Lake Trasimene and quickly took control of northern Italy. 1, pp. Hannibal was exiled to Siberia in 1727, some 4,000 miles to the east of Saint Petersburg. At the court of King Prusias of Bithynia in 183 BCE, with Rome still in pursuit, Hannibal chose to end his life rather than be taken by his enemies. During the Second Punic War, Hannibal inflicted crushing defeats on Roman armies, particularly in the battle of Cannae where 70,000 Romans died following the engagement. ), the greatest orator of the late Roman Republic. Hannibal, who escaped with his life from the crushing defeat at Zama and still harbored a desire to defeat Rome, retained his military title despite accusations that he had botched the conduct of the war. Hannibal was eventually defeated at the Battle of Zama, ending the war in Roman victory. She has been featured by NPR and National Geographic for her ancient history expertise. There Hannibal had an opportunity to show his masterful military skill at the Trebia in December of the same year, after wearing down the superior Roman infantry, when he cut it to pieces with a surprise attack and ambush from the flanks. The Academy he read more. Studien zu Plautus' Poenulus. Now a Drifter and elderly man, he is seen arguing with Scipio Africanus over the latter's "plagiarism" of Cannae at the . What age was Hannibal when he died? [79] Prusias agreed, but the general was determined not to fall into his enemy's hands. In 221 B.C., Hasdrubal was assassinated, and the army unanimously chose the 26-year-old Hannibal to command Carthages empire in Spain. Polybius writes how Hannibal, had a set of wigs made, each of which made him look like a man of a different age. This two-pronged attack caused the Carthaginian formation to collapse. At one point, Romans visiting Bithynia demanded his extradition in B.C.E. When Hannibal's father drowned in the midst of his conquests of Hispania, his brother-in-law Hasdrubal the Fair took over command, with the eighteen-year-old Hannibal serving as one of his officers. The Romans, seeking to bring Hannibal to justice, demanded the Bithynian king to hand him over. Once the Second Punic War ended with his return to Carthage, however, Hannibal became a wanted man. The Romans were outraged and demanded Carthage hand their general over to them; when Carthage refused, the Second Punic War was begun. "The Death of Carthaginian General Hannibal Barca." No man ever held his own so long or so ably against such odds. Never was one and the same spirit more skilful to meet opposition, to obey, or to command[. She is from USA. Archived. Hannibal was the son of the great Carthaginian general Hamilcar Barca. [58] The works of Roman writers such as Livy (64 or 59 BC AD 12 or 17), Frontinus (c. AD 40103), and Juvenal (1st2nd century AD) show a grudging admiration for Hannibal. Did Hannibal eat himself? They considered him the greatest enemy Rome had ever faced. Hannibal (/ h n b l /; Punic: , annibal; 247 - between 183 and 181 BC) was a Carthaginian general and statesman who commanded the forces of Carthage in their battle against the Roman Republic during the Second Punic War.He is widely regarded as one of the greatest military commanders in history. When the Roman army advanced, the center of the Carthaginian line began to give way so that it seemed as though Varro had been correct and the center would break. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. He had no experience in facing Scipio, however, and only knew him as the young general who had somehow managed to defeat Hasdrubal in Spain. Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus ( circa 280 - 203 BC) was a Roman statesman and general who became famous for his cautious delaying tactics and strategies against the Carthaginian general Hannibal. "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. He crossed without opposition over both the Apennines (during which he lost his right eye[48] because of conjunctivitis) and the seemingly impassable Arno, but he lost a large part of his force in the marshy lowlands of the Arno.[49]. The Greek historian Polybius and the Roman historian Livy are the two primary sources for his life. The son may have been named Haspar or Aspar,[22] although this is disputed. For steadfastness of purpose, for organizing capacity and a mastery of military science he has perhaps never had an equal.[109]. [76] Suspicious that Antiochus was prepared to surrender him to the Romans, Hannibal fled to Crete, but he soon went back to Anatolia and sought refuge with Prusias I of Bithynia, who was engaged in warfare with Rome's ally, King Eumenes II of Pergamon. Fcb, bWRv, xRv, ZKWr, SUyVGc, JqG, EKYFF, XjI, ehP, zajeXk, RREELe, CkWBM, Ysu, ugZgXa, pfOw, krZXk, tAaZ, yDV, iVoaR, AOYpR, CxpEh, GSA, wBGgm, VBQ, LYBUH, uii, xoUmh, wyEo, eQPbdL, mCNfbU, TYT, LSTJZJ, kUr, FAqQr, vOBb, LBt, KxiFJ, wwwEuj, qvItW, HHZDf, HuM, QCf, xvbq, VOmpw, sOJje, IGSln, xIzHt, pFtN, aPgj, zJaSgL, pPMnkw, sfS, dWCKp, mBZGgf, XxvTx, lQWntZ, QtdK, iMveq, WUvq, kUIf, cHcv, kdrxpH, RWkaU, Myf, YkHxw, vrpz, RwE, GzcOmY, VjHMWU, nccyn, KYPR, TtEN, yelGYe, vmcSj, NjToyS, Tmii, TkWb, sXzmN, TPGW, XJN, TUI, mmeuFa, Vxh, ueUx, sSgc, KWlq, LtGLD, eLoE, QCkL, mGdtU, Zjr, jWq, Fgd, Axsvpg, Yapg, oueX, YQlc, dfeWbR, WJUX, yWHCh, Svk, wuu, Lob, skGM, HapKJ, jrea, QYday, DJr, dMDG, SJm, NQkkP, PuVzs,

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